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Human Anatomy > Post Test 2 Notes > Flashcards

Post Test 2 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

The corpus luteum causes the secretion of which 2 sex steroids?

A

Estrodiol

progesterone

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1
Q

an erection is caused by

A

a change in blood flow

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2
Q

What causes ovulation?

A

A spike in estrogen

uterine wall becomes thicker

perfect time to implant an egg

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2
Q

outer portion of the kidney

A

renal cortex

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3
Q

How do birth control pills work?

A

Gives estrogen and progesterone without LH therefore woman cannot ovulate

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3
Q

Sexual excitement (in males) leads to:

A

IN THE PENIS:

  • decrease SYMPATHETIC
  • increase PARASYMPATHETIC
  • dilation of arterioles
  • increase blood flow

IN THE HEART:

  • increase SYMPATHETIC
  • increase HR and CO
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4
Q

Emission

A

movement of sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct and secretion from seminal vesicles and prostate (caused by sympathetic input to smooth muscles)

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4
Q

how does the kidney filter out blood?

A

solutes leave the base of the medulla as URINE and is drained into the RENAL PELVIS

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5
Q

renal medulla

A

inner portion of the kidney

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7
Q

What are pregnancy tests testing for?

A

Chorionic Gonadotrophin

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8
Q

Ejaculation

A

Moving sperm through the urethra out of the body

comination of parasymathetic and sympathetic input

follows emission

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10
Q

Fetal hormone only present in mother when she is pregnant

Acts like LH

A

Chorionic Gonadotrophin

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11
Q

4 embryonic membranes

A
  1. amnion
  2. chorion
  3. allantois
  4. yolk sac
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11
Q

inner portion of the kidney

A

renal medulla

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12
Q

Renal Development

A

Kidney structures develop frm back to front

1st structure: pronephros

2nd structure: Mesonephros tubules

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14
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone cause

A

shut down LH production

atrophy of corpus luteum

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15
Q

Moving sperm through the urethra out of the body

comination of parasymathetic and sympathetic input

follows emission

A

Ejaculation

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17
Q

movement of sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct and secretion from seminal vesicles and prostate (caused by sympathetic input to smooth muscles)

A

Emission

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19
Q

FSH

A

Stimulates follicles to grow

increases recepors of LH

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20
Q

Sympathetic activity to bulbourethral gland

A

Lubrication

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21
Q

renal cortex

A

outer portion of the kidney

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22
Q

Lubrication

A

Sympathetic activity to bulbourethral gland

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23
Q

What happens when a woman gets pregnant?

A

Secondary oocyte comes into contact with sperm

uterine lining is maintained by:

high estrogen and progesterone levels

chorionic gonadotrophin is released from placenta in order to maintain corpus luteum

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24
Q

Where is urine collected

A

ureter

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25
Q

where everything is drained into

A

renal pelvis

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26
Q

Path of urine through the kidney

A

nephron –> glomerulus–> bowman’s capsule–> proximal convoluted tubule –> loop of henle–> distal convoluted tubule–> collecting duct–> major calyx–> minor calyx–> renal pelvis–> ureter–> bladder–> urethra–> urethral orifice

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27
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephron and juxta medullary nephron

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28
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

after glomerulus and before proximal convoluted tubule

has two layers

surrounds glomerulus

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29
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

has short loops of henle

85% of nephrons in kidney

located in cortex of kidney

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30
Q

Junta medullary nephron

A

Served by the efferent and afferent arerioles

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31
Q

what is the cause of blood movement through bowman’s capsule?

A

pressure changes

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32
Q

what is the flomerular filtration rate

A

115-125 ml fluid/min

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33
Q

job of proximal tubule

A

reabsorb fluids

65% of fluids that enter the proximal tubule are reabsorbed

fluids that leave the promixal tubule has a different conentration than when they entered

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34
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

too high of blood glucose

transporters are overwhelmed in the distal tubule which leads to glucose going through the distal tubule into urine

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35
Q

Job of the distal tubule

A

regulate salt content

does not change the concentration of fluid

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36
Q

Function of the loop of henle

A

set up concentration gradient in the intersitial fluid inthe medulla

increase the concentration going down and decrease the concentration going up

the filtrate is less concentrated when it leaves compared to what enters

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37
Q

What happens if you drink 800 ml of water

A

you will want impermeable walls of the collecting duct (water will not be reabsorbed, dilute urine will be excreted)

INHIBIT ADH

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38
Q

How is the permeability of the collecting duct changed?

A

Hormones from the posterior pituitary

ADH

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39
Q

ADH

A

causes you to retain water

makes collecting duct permeable to water

decrease osmo conc–> means you have lost water, inhibits ADH

increase osmo conc–> stimulate ADH

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40
Q

Aldosterone

A

causes an uptake of sodium and water in order to maintain blood volume

41
Q

Macula Densa Cells

A

sensitive to sodium concentration in the filtrate

inhibit grandular cells from secreting renin

42
Q

syngamy

A

the fusion of two games

43
Q

the fusion of two gametes

A

syngamy

44
Q

spermatogenesis

A

creations of sperm

45
Q

spermeogeneis

A

maturation of sperm (meiosis 1 to meisois 2) spermatocytes–> spermatids

46
Q

where is sperm stored

A

epididymus

47
Q

this gland produced alkaline fluid to combat acidit of the femal vagina

A

prostate gland

48
Q

this gland lubrcates the urethra prior to ejaculation

A

bulbourethral gland

49
Q

process of ejaculation

A
  • semen moves down stream via contractions
  • shaft of penis becomes engored with blood
  • must occur at the right temperature
50
Q

creanactor muscles

A

muscles that attach to tissues, when the muscles contract, the testes become closer to the abdomen

51
Q

if a male has a hernia it is this type

A

inguinal

52
Q

where sperm is stored

A

seminiferous tubules

53
Q

long tube that runs from the oary to the uterus

A

fallopian tube

54
Q

surround ovary, but do not touch them

A

fimbare

55
Q

both of these hormones are from the pituitary gland

A

FSH and LH

56
Q

Luteal Phase

A

uterine forms pits perfect for implantation

57
Q

follicles

A

ovarian tissue surrounding germ-line cells

58
Q

LH

A

acts on the intersitial cells to cause stimulation

causes the stimulation of the sex steroid

acts on the nearby cells in the testesresponsible for maintaining and forming the corpus luteum

59
Q

2 phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase-14 days

luteal phase-14 days

60
Q

what separates the two ovarian phases?

A

ovulation

61
Q

medial eminence

A

give off hormones into the blood

62
Q

gonadotrophin releasing hormone

A

comes off the hypothalamus and travels through the portal vein to the anterior pituitary and causes them to release hormones

63
Q

inhibin

A

produced by the nurse cells when testosterone is too high *inhibits the hypothalamus

inhibits FSH production

64
Q

Estrogen

A

causes proliferation of the uterus

makes the uterine wall thicker

makes it a perfect place for implantation

65
Q

Renal Development

A

Pronephron–> pronephric duct–> mesonephros tubules–> mesonephric duct

66
Q

amion

A

surrounds developing embry

filled with fluid

maintains shape of embry

shock absorber

67
Q

what is the name of the structure that breaks when a womans water breaks?

A

amnionic sac

68
Q

chorion

A

along with allantois, forms the placenta

69
Q

Allantois

A

sac-like

out pocket of the gut tube

helps form the placenta

70
Q

yolk sac

A

humans have very small yolk sacs because fetus gets most of its nourishment from the mother’s blood

71
Q

klinefelters syndrome

A

genetically female with masuline features

XXY

results from nondisjunction

72
Q

downs syndrome

A

more common with older mothers

result of non disjunction

73
Q

non disjunction

A

abnormal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis

74
Q

Tuner’s Syndrome

A

X-

female characeristics

75
Q

Puberty

A

Brain matures and sends different levels of releasing hormones (release gonadotrophins)

girls being oogenesis

76
Q

Ovulation

A

Sending oocyte with zone pellucida and coronaradiata surrounding it

if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it atrophies

77
Q

Capcitation

A

process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize the secondary oocyte

78
Q

acrosome

A

contains digestive enzymes

head of the sperm

79
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

when the head of the sperm opens up and releases digestive enzymes when the sperm meets corona radiation

80
Q

Cortical Reaction

A

When sperm meets ooxyte membrane

release of corticalgrangules are triggered

81
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation that does not occur in the uterus

82
Q

most common place for an ectopic pregnancy to occur

A

fallopian tube

83
Q

3 embrylogical tissues

A

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

84
Q

Ectoderm

A

Surrounds the yolk sac

85
Q

the endoderm forms the

A

gut tube

86
Q

embryonic stage

A

0-9 weeks

when most of the differentiation occurs

87
Q

fetal stage

A

9 weeks-birth

when most of the growing occurs

88
Q

chorionic gonadotrophin

A

allows mother to maintain corus luteum

like LH

89
Q

Chorionic somatotrophin

A

Placental lactogen

growth hormone

90
Q

How do chronic somatotrophin/placental lactogen effect the mother?

A

Reduce glucose uptake (more glucose in blood available for the fetus)

(this is why some women become diabetic during pregnancy)

Sitmulates lipolysis (higher fat content in blood for baby)

91
Q

Chronic Thryotrophin

A

acts on mother’s thyroid gland

92
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

if calcium levels get too low, this hormone breaks down the mother’s bones to provide the baby with calcium

93
Q

Relaxin

A

stimulated by the corpus luteum

relaxes the femal structures

softens cerix and makes opening bigger

breaks down connective tissue of cervix and pubic symphasis

94
Q

Estrogen’s effect on the uterus

A

increases the number of gap junctions between myometria cells

allows it to act like a single uit

increases the number of receptors to oxytocin in the myometrium

95
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates contractions

from posterior pituitary glad

96
Q

surfactant

A

produced by the baby towards the end of development

leaks into amniotic fluid

97
Q

Corticotrophin releasing hormone

A

released by the placenta

stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenal corititrophic hormone

98
Q

Adrenalcoticotrophic hormone

A

causes adrenal gland to produce a variety of molecules such as cortisal and DHEA

Human Anatomy (30 decks)

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