Old Exam II Answer Key Flashcards
Which blood types has antibodies in the plasma against A and B red blood cell antigens?
Type O
You have antibodies to the markers that you lack
Is a monocyte an organ-specific macrophage?
NO
The serous membrane in physical contact with the lung is the
Visceral Pleura
Swallowing Reflex
Your larynx moves up against the epiglottis, thereby closing off the glottis
The uvula, attached to the back of the soft palate, moves back to help close off the internal nares
It is a reflex which occurs automatically when food is pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue
The percentage of your tidal volume that ventilates your dead space
Decreases with exercise
Dead space volume is a constant. If you take deep breaths, as during exercise, then this constant amount will be a smaller percentage of the total
Obstruction of the common bile duct by gallstones would most likely affect the digestion of
Fats
High levels of CO2 in the alveolar environment initiates
Relaxation of smooth muscles in bronchioles and vasoconstriction of arterioles
High carbon dioxide means that the alveolus is not getting rid of the gas properly. You should increase that alveolus’s ventilation by dilating the bronchiole, and reduce the blood flow to that lousy alveolus by constricting the arterioles
Peristalsis moves food material
From the pharynx to the anal canal
Cardia Region of the Stomach
Portion of the stomach that meets the esophagus at the gastroesophageal sphincter
Fundus Region of the Stomach
Portion that bulges out
Body Region of the Stomach
The central part
Pylorus Region of the Stomach
The very end where it meets the intestines;
Pyloric sphincter closes off and keeps material in the stomach
The Chloride Shift
The exchange of Cl- with HCO3- in the red blood cell as the blood moves through the capillaries
A function of your digestive tract is to
Break down foodstuffs into particles small enough to be absorbed into the blood or lymph
NOT to extract useful energy from the food as it is being digested
You extract energy-and make ATP-inside cells when organic molecules enter the metabolic pathways of glycolysis and aerobic respiration. No useful energy is extracted from the molecules within the gut-it would be lost as heat
A duodenal ulcer occurs when
Acid production by the stomach is so excessive that the pancreas’ production of bicarbonate is insufficient to neutralize the chyme entering the small intestine
If you hold your breath
The accumulated carbon dioxide will force resumption of breathing
As you go up in elevation
The number of oxygen molecules in a given volume of air decreases
Oxygen is always 21% of the air; there are just fewer molecules of all types in a given volume of air at low pressures that occur at high altitudes
A double layered serous membrane that attaches the gastrointestinal tract to the body wall is called
Dorsal Mesentery
Biliruben
Is a breakdown product of the heme portion of hemoglobin
Is insoluble in water (or blood plasma)
Is converted to urobilinogen by bacteria in the large intestine
Why don’t the cells of the organs that produce digestive enzymes digest themselves before the enzymes are secreted into the gut?
The enzymes are manufactured in an inactive form, and are altered and thereby activated only after they are secreted into the gut
Which combination is necessary for active exhalation?
Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal complex
Mast Cells
Produce histamine during the inflammation response
Incorporate circulating antibodies into their cell membranes
Produce histamine during the inflammation response
Incorporate circulating antibodies into their cells membranes
Mast Cells
T-Cytotoxic Cells
Kill virus-infected cells
Bind only to MHC-I/antigen complex
Kill virus-infected cells
Bind only to MHC-I/antigen complex
T-Cytotoxic cells
Plasma Cells
Secrete gamma-globulins; remember gamma globulins are antibodies
Secrete gamma-globulins
Plasma cells; remember gamma globulins are antibodies
Macrophages
Are able to kill bacteria directly (cell to cell contact)
Are able to kill bacteria directly (cell to cell contact)
Macrophages
Naive B-Lymphocytes
Attain immunocompetancy in the bone marrow
Attain immunocompetancy in the bone marrow
Naive B-Lymphocytes
T/F: T-cytotoxic cells are activated by interleukin-2 from T-helper cells, but only after both cells have independently encountered the same type of foreign antigen
T
T/F: Active immunity results when you actively inject antibodies made by a different organism into your body
F
This is passive immunity
T/F: Natural killer cells rid the body of aberrant cells that could form tumors
T
T/F: Antibodies that are produced initially may be less effective in combating an antigen invasion than are antibodies produced later in the infection, because continuous somatic mutation slowly perfects the match between antigen and antibody
T
T/F: Some T-lymphocytes can bind directly to the antigens on the surface of bacteria
F
T-cytotoxic cells bind to antigens within MHC I – and T-helper cells bind to antigens within MHC II – markers on bacteria are incorporated in neither of these self-markers
T/F: After an infection has been conquered, you are left with populations of both B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes that serve as memory cells for that specific foreign antigen
T
T/F: The proportion of alveolar air that is water vapor increases as you go up in elevation
T
You saturate the air within the alveoli and this amount depends on the temperature. Therefore you add the same amount of water at low and high elevations. However at high elevations this amount will be a larger proportion of the total since there are fewer molecules of other gases per liter of air inhaled
T/F: Hyperventilation may cause the body fluids to become more acidic
F
Hyperventilation will result in the loss of more carbon dioxide that in produced by the tissues. This reduction of carbon dioxide will lead to a lowering of the acidity of the blood and tissues
T/F: Both hemoglobin and myoglobin serve to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
F
Myoglobin is in muscles not blood
T/F: The cecum, colon, and rectum are part of the large intestine
T
T/F: During swallowing, pressure of larynx against the epiglottis seals the glottis so food can not enter the trachea
T
T/F: The pyloric sphincter lies at the level of the diaphragm and helps to keep acid chyme from the stomach from moving back into the esophagus
F
This is the gastroesophageal sphincter
T/F: Some protein digestion occurs in the stomach, but complete protein digestion occurs in the small intestine
T
T/F: Energy absorbed into the body in excess of metabolic requirements is stored as fat, because the energy content per pound of fat is over 2 times the energy content per pound of protein or carbohydrate
T
T/F: Lacteals are lymph vessels located in the centers of intestinal villi and they are used for the uptake of fatty acids produced in the digestion of triglycerides
T
T/F: Enzymes that activate many pancreatic zymogens are located within the membrane structure of the microvilli of the small intestine
T
T/F: Epithelial cells lining the stomach are replaced every few days in order to preserve the barrier against an acidic environment
T
T/F: Vaccines are viruses or bacteria (or pieces thereof) that are injected into your body in order to stimulate an immune response
T
T/F: Particulate matter settles on mucus that lines the respiratory tract, and then is propelled by the action of cilia up to the pharynx where it is swallowed
T
T/F: The cells of your immune system are genetically programmed to recognize your “self” markers, so that immune system cells do not need contact with other body cells during their (immune cell) differentiation
F
The shape of the immune receptors of lymphocytes is attained by a random genetic process, and those cells which acquired receptors that match your self-markers must be eliminated during the maturation process in the bone marrow (B-cells) or thymus gland (T-cells)
T/F: When your digestive tract is irritated and food moves through it too quickly, water is not reabsorbed by the large intestine and diarrhea results
T
T/F: The P50 is the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood plasma which causes hemoglobin to become 50% saturated. Using this fact, answer the following true or false questions. 1) A person acclimated to high elevations would have a lower P50 than a person acclimated to sea level
2) If you fail to wear gloves on a cold day (but do wear socks and shoes), then the blood in your fingers would probably have a higher P50 than blood in your toes.
1) F
Hemoglobin with a low affinity has a higher P50 value than hemoglobin with a high affinity. At high elevations, you have more 2,3 DPG which lowers hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen. Thus your hemoglobin would have a higher P50 value
2) F
An increase in temperature also causes a Bohr shit - to the right - in hemoglobin which reduces its affinity. Thus colder blood in the fingers would have a higher affinity for oxygen; ie a lower P50
