Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Respiration Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Respiration Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

Gas Exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Uptake of O2 (to mitochondria)
Used as final electron acceptor in electron transport system (chain)
CO2 is produced when you break down pyruvate into acetyl groups
1. Produced as waste in cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Long distance within a medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diffusion

A

Short distance within medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of fluid (air) between environments and respiratory exchange surfaces in the lung
Ex: Bulk flow of O2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endoderm

A

Lines the respiratory system and pockets out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pharynx

A

Common to both respiratory (air) and digestive (food) systems;
Between the internal nares and glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypopharyngeal Sphincter

A

Closes off esophagus when you breath in so air does not go down;
Swallowing relaxes sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Swallowing Reflex

A

Larynx moves up and closes epiglottis;

Raising larynx seals glottis against epiglottis and relaxes sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glottis

A

Opening to the windpipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T or F, Bronchioles can be adjusted by smooth muscles

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alveoli

A

Little sacs which hold the air;

Walls of the aveoli → where gas is exchanged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a lung?

A 
Everything downstream of the trachea;
The lung = all the branches;
EX: bronchi, etc.
Large surface area for exchange;
We have two lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endoderm

A

Lines the respiratory system and pockets out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pharynx

A

Common to both respiratory (air) and digestive (food) systems;
Between the internal nares and glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypopharyngeal Sphincter

A

Closes off esophagus when you breath in so air does not go down;
Swallowing relaxes sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Swallowing Reflex

A

Larynx moves up and closes epiglottis;

Raising larynx seals glottis against epiglottis and relaxes sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glottis

A

Opening to the windpipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T or F, Bronchioles can be adjusted by smooth muscles

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Alveoli

A

Little sacs which hold the air;

Walls of the aveoli → where gas is exchanged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a lung?

A 
Everything downstream of the trachea;
The lung = all the branches;
EX: bronchi, etc.
Large surface area for exchange;
We have two lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rate of Ventilation

A

The faster you take away O2 in the pulmonary blood, the faster you need to ventilate (especially during exercise when blood flow increases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Flow

A

Change in Pressure / Resistance

24
Q

Why is it easy to pump a gas?

A

Viscosity is lower than a liquid;
Less resistance of the system;
Less resistance than the cardiovascular system;
Can get away with a low difference in pressure

25
Q

What happens when we inhale?

A

Stretch aveolis from the outside and increase pressure on the inside;
Decrease the aveolar pressure below the atria pressure;
Moves rib cage out and diaphragm drops down;
Expand thoracic cavity, expand rib cage via external intercostal muscles;
Stretches parietal pleura

26
Q

What happens when we exhale?

A

Increase aveolar pressure above atria pressure;
Passive Expiration – stop contracting external intercostal and diaphragm
Active Exhalation – contract intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles push abdominal visceral upwards against the diaphragm

27
Q

What happens to the parietal and visceral pleurae during inspiration?

A

Parietal stretches out during inspiration;

Visceral moves outward during inspiration

28
Q

Resting Tidal Volume

A

Volume of air moved out each breath (when resting)

29
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Maximum amount inhaled over resting inhalation

30
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Maximum volume of air exhaled over passive exhalation

31
Q

Residual Volume

A

Volume of air that cannot be exhaled (left over after max exhalation)

32
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

Maximum amount of air you can put in your lung;

RV + ERV + RTV + IRV

33
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Maximum volume you can move in and out of your lungs;

ERV + RTV + IRV

34
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

Max amount of air you can inhale after a normal/passive expiration;
RTV = IRV

35
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

Volume of air remaining in lung after normal passive exhalation;
ERV + RV

36
Q

Minute Volume

A

Vm (ml/min) Volume/Time
Vm = Vt X BR
mL air / min = (ml air/breath) x (breath/min)

37
Q

Cardiac Output

A

CO = SV x HR

38
Q

What happens if yo have poor ventilation?

A

CO2 concentration remains high;
Dilation of bronchioles to make for better ventilation;
Causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles;
With long term abuse, the alveoli can get encapsulated and it will no longer take part in respiration

39
Q

T or F, does most of the air we breath reach the alveoli?

A

False, most the air we breath in does not reach the alveoli;
Most air particles settle on the lining of the respiratory tract (bronchi, trachea, etc.);
We secrete mucus from bronchioles to bronchi to trachea to pharynx where it is swallowed; air particles get trapped in the mucus to keep alveoli clean

40
Q

Composition of air

A 
O2 = 21%
N2 = 78%
CO2 = .03%
Argon = 1%
41
Q

Why is it hard to breath up on Mt Everest?

A

The composition of air can determine partial presure; pO2 = (.21)(760) = 159 mmHg
partial pressure on everest is;
pO2 = (.21)(234) = 44 mmHg; it is harder to breathe because there are fewer oxygen molecules per liter of air, there is a smaller driving force

42
Q

T or F, Tidal volume must exceed dead space volume in order to maintain high O2 concentration in alveoli

A

True

43
Q

Hemoglobin

A

4 globulin proteins; 1 heme in each; O2 has affinity to iron in heme

44
Q

Anemia

A

O2 content of blood is lower than it should be;

too little iron, too little hemoglobin, too few RBC

45
Q

Bohr Shift

A

Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen (how easily it attaches to heme) is a function of shape and proportion of globins;
Change pH of blood, add acid, shift curve to the right;
More CO2 added = more acidic, lower pH, shift right
Normal pO2 at rest is 40 when blood leaves system; exercise lowers pO2

46
Q

T or F, Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen?

A

This allows the fetus to extract oxygen easily from maternal blood when the two come close in proximity in the placenta
By havening a higher affinity, it will take oxygen when the two bloods come in close contact

47
Q

Why do fetal hemoglobins have a higher affinity for oxygen?

A

Fetal globs cant bind to 2,3 DPT (diphosphoglyceride), like adult ones do, which is why they have a higher affinity

48
Q

Myoglobin

A 
Has 1 globin and 1 heme
Located in muscle cells
Higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin
100% saturated
O2 stored in muscle tissue
Enhances O2 diffusion
49
Q

How does myoglobin enhance O2 diffusion?

A

If you have myoglobin in the muscle cell, oxygen diffuses faster
Over time, after endurance exercise, myoglobin builds up in the muscles cells

50
Q

How does the concentration of CO2 (acidity) regulate ventilation?

A

Your body uses CO2 levels, which causes a change in acidity
As you exercise, CO2 levels build up in the blood→ becomes more acidic→ these levels are picked up→ ventilation is regulated to decrease levels

51
Q

What happens when you hyperventilate too much?

A

You get rid of CO2 faster than you are making it
As a consequence, your blood becomes less acidic (more basic) than it should be
CO2 levels need to build up to what they should be after
Causes APNEA (no breath, no breathing) to build up levels of CO2 after losing too much
Hyperventilation leads to apnea
If you hyperventilate in a paper bag, apnea does not occur because you inhale CO2 rich gases from the bag, you will not become alkaline, therefore, CO2 levels do not need to be built up

52
Q

T or F, does the extraction of O2 from air (into the pulmonary blood) have to match the extraction of O2 from systemic blood (into cells)

A

T; when you exercise everything happens at a higher rate

53
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

Can measure metabolism by heat production

54
Q

Oxygen Consumption

A

VO2, the amount of O2 extracted from systemic blood by cells per minute
VO2 = (CO) x (Conc O2 in the arterioles - Conc of O2 in venous blood)

55
Q

Flow of blood

A

Cardiac Output

56
Q

Amount of O2 extracted per mL

A

(O2 concentration of arteriole blood - O2 concentration of venous blood)

57
Q

VO2 consumed

A

(CO)(Concentration of O2 in the arterioles - O2 concentration of blood in venous blood); or
(Minute Volume)(Amount of Oxygen extracted per mL of air);
(Minute Volume = Tidal Vol)(BR)(CO2 inhaled - CO2 exhaled)

Human Anatomy (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions