Old Exam I Key Flashcards
Sympathetic Input to Heart
Increases Heart Rate
Parasympathetic Input to Heart
Decreases Heart Rate
Which of the 2, parasympathetic or sympathetic, has more influence?
Parasympathetic; if you cut both the Heart Rate increases
End-Systolic Volume
Volume of blood left in ventricle after contraction
End-Diastolic Volume
Volume of blood in the ventricle before contracting; completely filled
Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
amount of blood pumped out each min: mL/min
Stroke Volume
amount of blood pumped out with each beat
“Lub” Sound
Closing of the AV valves
“Dub” Sound
Closing of the Semilunar Valves
During Ventricular Ejection
AV valves are close and the semilunar valves open
Starling’s Law of the Heart
the force of contraction is directly proportional to the amount the cardiac fibers are stretched
A platelet plug is strengthened by a network of insoluble protein fibers called
Fibrin
During Exercise
Smooth muscles in the arterioles of skeletal muscles relax in response to metabolites (CO2, lactate, etc) given off by the active tissue
Venous Return to the heart is aided by:
Parasympathetic Nerve Activity
Contractions of Skeletal Muscles (Skeletal Muscle Pump)
The difference in pressure between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Lymphatic Drainage
Cardiac Muscles are:
They are all striated
Most are autorhythmic
They all have long absolute refractory periods
They are NOT all innervated
When a RBC is destroyed, the heme loses its iron and is converted to:
Bilirubin
Granular Leukocytes
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
Non Granular Leukocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Megakaryocytes shed small membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm into the circulation. Those packets are:
Thrombocytes
Path of Impulse through the Cardiac Conduction Path
SA Node -> AV node -> Atrioventricular Bundle -> Purkinje Fibers
Where does the Tricuspid Valve lie?
between the right ventricle and the right atrium
Where does the Bicuspid Valve lie?
between the left ventricle and the left atrium
Most movement of substances between capillary walls is by?
Diffusion
some bulk flow
Reflex Control is important because
it enables you to override local controls of blood flow to the gut during exercise
it allows blood flow to the skeletal muscles to increases in anticipation of exercise
it augments local control in providing and increased flow of blood to cardiac muscles during exercise
One way valves are present in:
the heart
the major veins
the lymphatic vessels
Lymph moves because of
contraction of skeletal muscles which squeeze lymphatic vessels
pressure differences within the different body cavities
smooth muscles in major lymphatic ducts that contract when stretched by filling
Myoglobin
Stores oxygen in the myocardial tissues during diastole and then releases this oxygen during systole
Blood pressure is monitored most directly by
Baroreceptors
Blood clots are dissolved by the protein:
Plasmin
T or F, Average blood pressure is lowest in the vessels with the smallest radius, because those vessels offer the greatest resistance to flow
False
T or F, at any point in time, most of the blood in your body is located in your veins
True
T or F, Small organic molecules and inorganic salts leave the blood stream through the walls of the systemic capillaries
True
T or F, Resistance to flow in the cerebral circulation varies with changes in arterial pressure
True
T or F, the velocity of blood is lowest in that part of the circulatory system that has the lowest blood pressure
False
T or F, Because your body regulates cardiac output, your blood pressure will rise if the distensibility of your arteries declines (as in atherosclerosis)
True
T or F, The amount of lymph formation is a function of the blood pressure
True
Blood enters the right atrium from the Vena Cava
True
The left ventricle has thicker walls, and thereby produces stronger contractions and a greater stroke volume, than the right ventricle
False
Blood flow from the arteries into the arterioles even during diastole because the arterial walls are elastic and their recoil continues to drive the blood forward
True
On average, all of the blood in your body moves through a capillary each minute
True
80% of the water in your body is located in the interstitial tissues
False
Albumins are blood proteins used in the transport of steroid hormones
False
Total solute concentration is greater in the interstitial tissue fluid than in the blood plasma
False
The flow of blood is greater in the aorta than the vena cava because aortic pressure is much greater than the pressure in the vena cava
False
Most of ventricular filling occurs while the atria is relaxed
True
When determining blood pressure, you hear the turbulent flow of blood in the brachial artery when that artery is partially occluded by the pressure cuff
True
A Name for the percentage of formed elements (“cells”) in blood
Hematocrit
The neurotransmitter given off by the sympathetic nervous system that acts to constrict the arterioles in the intestines
Norepinephrine
Specialized regions cardiac muscle cells that permit electrical conduction between adjacent fibers
Intercalcated Discs
The liquid portion of blood that has clotted
Serum
You have a 10% sugar solution. How many mg of sugar do you have in each mL of solution?
10g glucose/100 mL = 0.1 g/ml = 100 mg/ml
Your blood pressure, heart rate, and stroke volume all double during a bout of exercise. What has happened to your total peripheral resistance?
Flow = Cardiac output = Pressure difference / resistance or (SV)(HR) = Pressure difference / resistance
If SV increases 2X and HR increases 2X, then CO increases 4X
4(CO) = 4 (dP/R)
R must fall by 2X
Your patient’s cardiac output is 6.0 liters of blood/min, his HR is 75 beats/min, and his end-diastolic volume is 120 mL. What is his end-systolic volume?
CO = (HR)(SV) or CO = (HR)(EDV - ESV) 6000mL/min = 75 beats/min (120mL/beat-x) 600/75 = 80 m/b = 120 ml/b-x X = 120 - 80 = 40 ml/beat
