Exam II Answer Key Flashcards
Word for the specific metabolic process by which glucose is created from non-carbohydrate precursors in the liber
Gluconeogenesis
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
Residual Volume
This structure is common to both the digestive tract and the respiratory tract. In other words, food must pass through it on the way from the mouth to the stomach, and air must pass through it on the way from the nose to the lungs
Pharynx
Mesenteries are an extension of this portion of a serous membrane that lines the outer wall of the abdominal body cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
Name a hormone secreted by the stomach and it’s target organ
Gastrin
Stomach
This small, worm-like blind pouch is an extension of the cecum that protrudes from the large intestine nears its junction with the small intestine
Appendix
Vaccines
Viruses or bacteria (or parts thereof) that are injected into your body in order to stimulate an immune response
After a macrophage consumes a virus, it will eventually
Incorporate viral antigenic determination sites into its MHC II markers
Blood of which types have anti-B antibodies
Type A & O
T/F: Antibodies may congregate to form a pore in the membrane of cellular antigens thereby lysing that cells
False; complement proteins do this
T/F: Antibodies may link particulate antigens (e.g. cells such as RBCs and bacteria) together so they cannot function
T
T/F: Antibodies may neutralize antigens by coating them, thereby blocking viral binding sites and rendering bacterial toxins ineffective
T
T/F: Antibodies may link soluble antigens (proteins, etc.) to form an immobile precipitate that is then consumed by macrophages
T
T/F: Antibodies may activate complement which forms an attack complex
T
Which cell type secretes IgE
Plasma, secretes ALL antibodies.
Mast cells receive IgE & uses them as immune receptors
You can have reoccuring bouts of certain ailments such as the flu because
The antigen mutates frequently, thereby rendering ineffective the memory cells produced during a previous infection
A woman with Rh- blood has 3 children fathered by a Rh+ man. If the first child was Rh+, the second was Rh-, and the third was Rh+, what is an accurate scenario?
The first child would be safe, because the mother produced antibodies against the Rh factor only as the first child was being born
Which cells act as “presenter cells” when they place antigenic determinant sites from an antigen on their MHC II markers?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
Immunocompetence
The ability to recognize specific antigens
Develops in the bone marrow for B cells or in the thymus gland for certain immune cells that cause apoptosis of body cells (T-Cells)
Opsonization
Covering an antigen with antibodies that have macrophage binding sites on their constant regions, thereby facilitating phagocytic action of the macrophages
Chemotaxis
The production of cytokines (chemicals) by white blood cells that attract phagocytic cells to a site of infection
Antibodies may have binding sites for
Specific antigens, complement proteins, & macrophages
Above normal levels of carbon dioxide stimulate
Dilation of bronchioles and vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles b/c it means the alveoli are not doing their job of getting rid of CO2 therefore reduce blood flow to that alveolus and increase ventilation
What is necessary for active exhalation?
Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal wall muscles
Normally during breathing the muscles of the hypopharyngeal sphincter are contracted or relaxed?
Contracted
Normally during breathing the glottis is
Open
Surfactant
Reduces the surface tension in moist alveoli, thereby allowing them to expand when the chest cavity expands during inhalation
T/F: Carbon dioxide is transported in your blood attached to the heme in hemoglobin
False
Name an organ that does not produce any digestive enzymes
Liver
When you live at high altitudes, your red blood cells manufacture
More 2,3 DPG and this increases the P50 value of the hemoglobin saturation curve. The higher the P50, the lower the O2 affinity. More 2,3 DPG to aid in unloading
Assuming minute ventilation is identical in each of the following four cases. Alveolar ventilation will be greater in a person who:
a. breathes deeply and slowly
b. breathes shallowly and rapidly
c. breathes normally
d. alternates between slow, deep breaths and rapid, shallow breaths
A; person who breathes deeply and slowly b/c dead space volume now represents a lower proportion of tidal volume therefore more fresh air gets to the alveoli
When your metabolizing cells exchange the same number of CO2 and O2 molecules with the systemic blood…
The pO2 of the blood falls more than the pCO2 rises. b/c CO2 is 10% more soluble than the O2, the addition of CO2 has a small affect in its partial pressure (or tension)
A gastric ulcer is commonly caused by
A bacterial toxin that erodes the mucus layer and the surface of the stomach lining
The failure of the pancreas to produce enough bicarbonate to neutralize the acid chyme could cause
Duodenal ulcer
The total surface area of the small intestine is greater than that of the large intestine because
The small intestine is about fifteen times as long as the large intestine
The small intestine possesses villi
The surface membranes of the epithelial cells of the small intestine are modified into microvilli
Cells of the stomach and pancreas that manufacture digestive enzymes do not digest themselves during this process b/c
The enzymes are made in an inactive form
T/F: An adaptation of the stomach to a high acid environment is the secretion of bicarbonate to neutralize the acid chyme
F; this happens in the duodenum
The cephalic phase of the regulation of gastric function
Involves stimulation of the stomach lining by the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system
Is set into motion by the sight, taste, and smell of food
Is responsible for an increased blood flow to the stomach, as well as, an increase in the secretion of acid and pepsinogen
Stretching of the duodenum sets up a neural reflex that causes
The secretion of gastric inhibitory peptide
Inhibition of gastric emptying
Contraction of the gall bladder
Secretion of pancreatic juice
During a prolonged fast
Skeletal muscle switch from glucose to fatty acid & ketone metabolism thereby sparing circulating glucose for use by the nervous tissue
Blood glucose levels are initially maintained by the breakdown of glycogen in the liver
Glucagon levels rise and insulin levels fall in the blood
Symbiotic bacteria
Live primarily in the large intestine, because most tend to be killed by acid in the stomach and digestive enzymes in the small intestine
Are anaerobic and thus are sometimes responsible for the production of flatulence
Possess the enzyme cellulase that digests the carbohydrate cellulose that is a major component of plant cell walls
May compose 50% of the fecal material egested
Which hormone is secreted by the duodenum and acts both on the liver to stimulate bile production, and on the pancreas to stimulate bicarbonate secretion into the pancreatic juice?
Secretin
Cholecytoskinin
Acts on pancreas to stimulate production of digestive enzymes
Smoking
Can paralyze the cilia within the airways, thereby impeding the movement of mucus and trapped particles out of the lungs
Adds a great number of foreign particles into the inspired air that potentially could reach and occlude the alveolar surface
Causes vasoconstriction of bronchioles
T/F: Delayed onset (Type II) diabetes is characterized by a normal production of insulin, but a reduced efficacy of that hormone (i.e., target organs do not respond to the hormone)
T
T/F: One functional difference between your B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is that B-cells have immune receptors that can bind directly with the determination sites on the surface of certain antigens, whereas T-cells recognize the antigens only when they are inserted within a MHC marker on your cells
T
T/F: During the course of an infection, plasma cells can switch among the manufacture of various kinds of heavy chains, producing two or more different antibody classes with the same antigen specificity
T
T/F: Viruses can enter and replicate within red blood cells without detection by your immune system, because red blood cells do not have the MHC I (“self”) markers necessary to display antigen proteins to T-cytotoxic cells
F. RBC have no DNA or machinery for making proteins so they cannot manufacture viruses
T/F: Passive immunity is the production of memory cells in response to a natural infection, whereas active immunity is the production of memory cells in response to a vaccination (i.e. active injection of the pathogen or its parts)
F
Passive immunity is acquiring antibodies from an exogenous source
T/F: You masticate (chew) your food to physically break the bonds among atoms, thereby helping to create molecules small enough to be taken up across the membranes of the cells lining your digestive tract
F
T/F: The function of myoglobin is to transfer oxygen to hemoglobin when pO2 levels in the blood get very low
F
