Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

22 spring: immunology > Test 2: lecture 5 and 6 comparative > Flashcards

Test 2: lecture 5 and 6 comparative Flashcards

1
Q

protostomes-

A

mouth first (mostly invertebrates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what kind of immune system do protostomes have

A

They have complement

No antibodies

no MHC but that do that some way for rejection → proPO, lectin (prophenoloxidase, melanisation)

no fine specificity and no memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

invertebrates do not have adaptive immunity but that do have

A

variable and constant areas that are similar to immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the fat body of drosophila produce___

A

innate immunity expansions → antimicrobial peptides (like the liver of the fly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

protochordates

A

deuterostomes invertebrates (anus first)

no adaptive

yes complement (ACP?, LCP, C3)

no MHC (but they can allograft rejection)

proPO, lectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

echinodermata

A

deuterostomes invertebrates (anus first)

no adaptive

yes complement (ACP, LCP?, C3)

no MHC (but they can allograft rejection)

proPO, lectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why do invertebrates have no many more TLR then vertebrates

A

to expand their innate immunity to identify more pathogens

diversify innate immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

agnathans

A

jawless fish (lamprays)- oldest vertebrate

no antibody

complement (Alternative CP, Lectin CP)

C3, No MAC (no lysis)

No MHC

No thymus, no spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what animals have immunoglobulin like components that are waiting for godot?

A

protochordates (deuterostomes invertebrates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in deuterostomes invertebrates, there are key ___, the essential feature of an immunoglobulin superfamily VC1-like core, and possible proto-MHC regions scattered throughout the genome waiting for Godot.

A

V region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Although jawless vertebrates are apparently capable of adaptive immune responses, they have not been found to possess the recombinatorial antigen receptors shared by all jawed vertebrates. Our search for the phylogenetic roots of adaptive immunity in the lamprey has instead identified a new type of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) composed of highly diverse ___

A

leucine-rich repeats (LRR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Individual lymphocytes express a uniquely rearranged VLR gene in monoallelic fashion. Different evolutionary strategies were thus used to generate highly diverse lymphocyte receptors through rearrangement of ___ modules in agnathans ( jawless fish) and of immunoglobulin gene segments in gnathostomes ( jawed vertebrates).

A

LRR- leucine-rich repeats

variable region is scrambled in a different way to allow recognition of different antigens

a different type of adaptive immunity (instead of B and T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ have VLR based adaptive immunity

A

lampreys (jawless fish)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

____ have innate immunity, complement and TLR phagocytes

A

invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

___have the first BCR/TCR lymphocytes, first spleen, thymus and MHC system

A

sharks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

___ have the first described compartmentalized systemic vs mucosal responses in non-tetrapods

A

ray-finned fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

___ have the first thymus dependent CSR

A

amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

___ have the first germinal center and IgA

A

dinosaurs and birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chondichthyes

A

cartilaginous fish (jawed fish) sharks

have antibodies → adaptive immunity (IgM, NAR and IgNARC)

complement (Classical, alternative and lectin) C3 and MAC

they have MHC, thymus and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cartilaginous fish: The first jawed fish, and first species with mammalian-like adaptive immunity: The Immunological Big Bang that gave rise to ___ mediated combinatorial immunity…

A

Ig/TCR-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of immunoglobulins do sharks have

A

IgM

NAR

IgNARC

NAR and IgNARC are special to sharks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In sharks, ____of loci, for example, the Ig heavy-chain genes are encoded in as many as 100-200 independent functional clusters.

A

Multiplicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

____ of the plasma proteins in sharks are IgM.

A

-50%

5% in mammals

24
Q

what does the excess of IgM in sharks help with

A

innate immunity → can identify a bunch of different molecules

25
Q

an example of a teleost fish

A

ray finned fish

(first compartmentalized systemic vs mucosal responses in non-tetrapods)

26
Q

teleost fish do not have ___

A

lymph nodes/germinal centers

no class switch/ little affinity mat

27
Q

what are some circulating proteins in teleost fish used for innate immunity

A

complement

mannose binding protein

C-reactive protein

lysozymes

antimicrobial peptides

28
Q

___ pathway titers are 5-10 x higher than mammals for teleost fish

A

alternative

(maybe compensating for their primitive adaptive immunity?)

29
Q

in teleost fish there is a remarkable structural and functional diversity of ___

A

C3 and Bf (parts of the complement system)

30
Q

What antibodies do bony fish carry?

A

IgM, IgD and IgT

31
Q

what antibodies do sharks carry

A

IgM IgW or IgNAR

32
Q

IgM in fish have what shape

A

tetramer instead of a 5 sides like in a human

33
Q

Antigen specific IgM responses can be induced and measured mainly in in ___, and to a much lesser degree, in skin and ___

A

plasma (systemic responses)

gut mucus (mucosal responses).

34
Q

how is IgM in mammals different from fish

A

mammals will undergo class switch from IgM to IgG, hyper-somatic mutation, leading to affinity maturation

Fish: no class switch and no affinity maturation (no germinal centers B cells can mutate but those that bind well do not bind this is why there is NO affinity maturation)(takes a longer time- secondary response is by IgM only)

35
Q

IgT is found in ___

A

fish and might help with mucosal immunity

36
Q

IgT in fish plays a role in

A

mucosal immunity

nose, gills, gut, swim bladder and skin

37
Q

teleost fish have___affinity and low ____antibodies

A

low

heterogeneity

38
Q

antibody response in teleost fish is ___ dependent

A

Temperature dependent response (Poor response at low temperatures)

39
Q

___ have a lack of secondary response and affinity maturation (fish lack lymph nodes and germinal centers)

A

antibodies in teleost fish

40
Q

where do fish have bone marrow

A

head kidney

41
Q

three ways to give vaccines to fish

A

oral vaccines (given with antigen to help bind)

immersion bath

injected

42
Q

___ are the first species with class switch recombination

A

amphibians

43
Q

what antibodies do amphibians have

A

IgX, IgM and IgY

(IgX and IgY also found in reptiles)

44
Q

antibodies in amphibians

A

first species to have class switching

they also have somatic hypermutation but affinity is still low because they do not have germinal centers

IgM, IgY, IgX

amphibians have thymus, spleen, bone marrow

reptiles have the same antibodies

45
Q

birds have what anitbodies

A

IgA, IgM and IgY

(reptiles and amphibians also have IgY)

birds have class switch with medium affinity

46
Q

IgM and ___emerged in an immediate ancestor of the amphibians

A

IgY (four C-domains) isotypes-IgY

47
Q

___ are the most primitive vertebrate with class switch

A

amphibians (IgM to IgY)

48
Q

In amphibians, IgX in the intestine, mucosal immunity? IgM and IgX are present in thymectomized animals, while IgY production is strictly ___

A

T-dependent.

49
Q

___ in amphibians is similar to IgG

A

IgY (strictly T dependent)

50
Q

immune system from larva to adult in amphibians are ___

A

very different

51
Q

In amphibians: The hyperdivergence of modern ____ and the number of peptides per species result from repeated duplications of a approximately 150-million-year-old ancestral gene and accelerated mutations of the mature peptide domain, probably involving a mutagenic, error-prone, DNA polymerase similar to Escherichia coli Pol V.

A

antimicrobial peptides

52
Q

___ are the first species with germinal centers and IgA

A

birds

+ class switch

+ recombination → medium increased affinity

53
Q

antibodies in birds

A

IgA, IgM and IgY

reptiles and amphibians also have IgY

birds have class switch, somatic hypermutation and medium affinity maturation

first species to have germinal centers

54
Q

chickens have unique

A

TLRS

55
Q

instead of neutrophils birds have ___

A

heterophils

phagocytic and use their enzyme-containing granules to lyse ingested material. heterophils are motile and can leave blood vessels to engulf foreign materials

56
Q

what bird vaccination technique leads to IgA immunity

A

intranasal/intraocular

spraying (bath)

drinking water

22 spring: immunology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions