Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

22 spring: immunology > Test 2: lecture 5 and 6 comparative > Flashcards

Test 2: lecture 5 and 6 comparative Flashcards

1
Q

protostomes-

A

mouth first (mostly invertebrates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what kind of immune system do protostomes have

A

They have complement

No antibodies

no MHC but that do that some way for rejection → proPO, lectin (prophenoloxidase, melanisation)

no fine specificity and no memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

invertebrates do not have adaptive immunity but that do have

A

variable and constant areas that are similar to immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the fat body of drosophila produce___

A

innate immunity expansions → antimicrobial peptides (like the liver of the fly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

protochordates

A

deuterostomes invertebrates (anus first)

no adaptive

yes complement (ACP?, LCP, C3)

no MHC (but they can allograft rejection)

proPO, lectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

echinodermata

A

deuterostomes invertebrates (anus first)

no adaptive

yes complement (ACP, LCP?, C3)

no MHC (but they can allograft rejection)

proPO, lectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why do invertebrates have no many more TLR then vertebrates

A

to expand their innate immunity to identify more pathogens

diversify innate immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

agnathans

A

jawless fish (lamprays)- oldest vertebrate

no antibody

complement (Alternative CP, Lectin CP)

C3, No MAC (no lysis)

No MHC

No thymus, no spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what animals have immunoglobulin like components that are waiting for godot?

A

protochordates (deuterostomes invertebrates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in deuterostomes invertebrates, there are key ___, the essential feature of an immunoglobulin superfamily VC1-like core, and possible proto-MHC regions scattered throughout the genome waiting for Godot.

A

V region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Although jawless vertebrates are apparently capable of adaptive immune responses, they have not been found to possess the recombinatorial antigen receptors shared by all jawed vertebrates. Our search for the phylogenetic roots of adaptive immunity in the lamprey has instead identified a new type of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) composed of highly diverse ___

A

leucine-rich repeats (LRR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Individual lymphocytes express a uniquely rearranged VLR gene in monoallelic fashion. Different evolutionary strategies were thus used to generate highly diverse lymphocyte receptors through rearrangement of ___ modules in agnathans ( jawless fish) and of immunoglobulin gene segments in gnathostomes ( jawed vertebrates).

A

LRR- leucine-rich repeats

variable region is scrambled in a different way to allow recognition of different antigens

a different type of adaptive immunity (instead of B and T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ have VLR based adaptive immunity

A

lampreys (jawless fish)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

____ have innate immunity, complement and TLR phagocytes

A

invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

___have the first BCR/TCR lymphocytes, first spleen, thymus and MHC system

A

sharks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

___ have the first described compartmentalized systemic vs mucosal responses in non-tetrapods

A

ray-finned fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

___ have the first thymus dependent CSR

A

amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

___ have the first germinal center and IgA

A

dinosaurs and birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chondichthyes

A

cartilaginous fish (jawed fish) sharks

have antibodies → adaptive immunity (IgM, NAR and IgNARC)

complement (Classical, alternative and lectin) C3 and MAC

they have MHC, thymus and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cartilaginous fish: The first jawed fish, and first species with mammalian-like adaptive immunity: The Immunological Big Bang that gave rise to ___ mediated combinatorial immunity…

A

Ig/TCR-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of immunoglobulins do sharks have

A

IgM

NAR

IgNARC

NAR and IgNARC are special to sharks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In sharks, ____of loci, for example, the Ig heavy-chain genes are encoded in as many as 100-200 independent functional clusters.

A

Multiplicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

____ of the plasma proteins in sharks are IgM.

A

-50%

5% in mammals

24
Q

what does the excess of IgM in sharks help with

A

innate immunity → can identify a bunch of different molecules

25
an example of a teleost fish
ray finned fish (first compartmentalized systemic vs mucosal responses in non-tetrapods)
26
teleost fish do not have \_\_\_
lymph nodes/germinal centers no class switch/ little affinity mat
27
what are some circulating proteins in teleost fish used for innate immunity
complement mannose binding protein C-reactive protein lysozymes antimicrobial peptides
28
\_\_\_ pathway titers are 5-10 x higher than mammals for teleost fish
alternative (maybe compensating for their primitive adaptive immunity?)
29
in teleost fish there is a remarkable structural and functional diversity of \_\_\_
C3 and Bf (parts of the complement system)
30
What antibodies do bony fish carry?
IgM, IgD and IgT
31
what antibodies do sharks carry
IgM IgW or IgNAR
32
IgM in fish have what shape
tetramer instead of a 5 sides like in a human
33
Antigen specific IgM responses can be induced and measured mainly in in \_\_\_, and to a much lesser degree, in skin and \_\_\_
plasma (systemic responses) gut mucus (mucosal responses).
34
how is IgM in mammals different from fish
mammals will undergo class switch from IgM to IgG, hyper-somatic mutation, leading to affinity maturation Fish: no class switch and no affinity maturation (no germinal centers B cells can mutate but those that bind well do not bind this is why there is NO affinity maturation)(takes a longer time- secondary response is by IgM only)
35
IgT is found in \_\_\_
fish and might help with mucosal immunity
36
IgT in fish plays a role in
mucosal immunity nose, gills, gut, swim bladder and skin
37
teleost fish have\_\_\_affinity and low \_\_\_\_antibodies
low heterogeneity
38
antibody response in teleost fish is ___ dependent
Temperature dependent response (Poor response at low temperatures)
39
\_\_\_ have a lack of secondary response and affinity maturation (fish lack lymph nodes and germinal centers)
antibodies in teleost fish
40
where do fish have bone marrow
head kidney
41
three ways to give vaccines to fish
oral vaccines (given with antigen to help bind) immersion bath injected
42
\_\_\_ are the first species with class switch recombination
amphibians
43
what antibodies do amphibians have
IgX, IgM and IgY | (IgX and IgY also found in reptiles)
44
antibodies in amphibians
first species to have class switching they also have somatic hypermutation but affinity is still low because they do not have germinal centers IgM, IgY, IgX amphibians have thymus, spleen, bone marrow **reptiles have the same antibodies**
45
birds have what anitbodies
IgA, IgM and IgY (reptiles and amphibians also have IgY) birds have class switch with medium affinity
46
IgM and \_\_\_emerged in an immediate ancestor of the amphibians
IgY (four C-domains) isotypes-IgY
47
\_\_\_ are the most primitive vertebrate with class switch
amphibians (IgM to IgY)
48
In amphibians, IgX in the intestine, mucosal immunity? IgM and IgX are present in thymectomized animals, while IgY production is strictly \_\_\_
T-dependent.
49
\_\_\_ in amphibians is similar to IgG
IgY (strictly T dependent)
50
immune system from larva to adult in amphibians are \_\_\_
very different
51
In amphibians: The hyperdivergence of modern ____ and the number of peptides per species result from repeated duplications of a approximately 150-million-year-old ancestral gene and accelerated mutations of the mature peptide domain, probably involving a mutagenic, error-prone, DNA polymerase similar to Escherichia coli Pol V.
antimicrobial peptides
52
\_\_\_ are the first species with germinal centers and IgA
birds + class switch + recombination → medium increased affinity
53
antibodies in birds
**IgA**, IgM and IgY reptiles and amphibians also have IgY birds have class switch, somatic hypermutation and medium affinity maturation **first species to have germinal centers**
54
chickens have unique
TLRS
55
instead of neutrophils birds have \_\_\_
heterophils phagocytic and use their enzyme-containing granules to lyse ingested material. heterophils are motile and can leave blood vessels to engulf foreign materials
56
what bird vaccination technique leads to IgA immunity
intranasal/intraocular spraying (bath) drinking water

22 spring: immunology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions