Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

22 spring: immunology > Test 1: lecture 2 > Flashcards

Test 1: lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

good microbes

A

commensal microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 classes of animal pathogen

A

bacteria

fungi

viruses

parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

types of niches pathogens can occupy

A

extracellular:

interstitial space, blood and lymph

epithelial surfaces

Intracellular

cytoplasmic or vesicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

innate immunity is required to trigger what part of adaptive immunity

A

1: Required for T and B cell activation by pathogens
2: Instructs the response that is most appropriate for each pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

epithelial barriers in the __ help protect from pathogens

A

skin

gut

lungs

eyes and nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Physical ___ junctions of epithelial barriers prevent pathogens from entering our bodies

A

cell-cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do epithelial barriers protect us?

A

keep pathogens out- mechanical and chemical barriers

are constantly cleared

muco-cillary clearance

normal flora- competes for food of pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

most common portals of microbe entry

A

skin

respiratory tract

GI

reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

epithelial layer provide a ___ and ___ barrier

A

physical

chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

just under epithelial cells, ___ cells survey for infection

A

sentinel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

___ continuously produced from monocytes. Make up ~15% of all tissue cells and monitor for pathogens.

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

macrophages are found in large number where?

A

intestine

lung (alveolar macrophages)

liver (kupffer cells)

spleen (clear out RBC)

brain (microglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the most abundant neutrophil?

A

leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

neutrophils live ___. they are normal found in the ___ unless pathogen is detected

A

a few days

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

___ are responsible for inflammation, pain, redness, heat and swelling

A

macrophages and neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do phagocytes find and eat pathogen?

A

have receptors on their surface for nonspecific pathogen

if something binds will eat and then break down the pathogen into pieces → it will then put a piece of the pathogen on its surface

it will also produce cytokines and chemokines to recruit help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chemotaxis

A

neutrophil can sense pathogen and will chase after it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

___ are produced by phagocytosis to try to break down pathogen

A

Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and Nitric Oxide (NO)

NADPH oxidase- generates ROIs from molecular oxygen: Called the “respiratory burst” due to transient increase in O2 consumption

O2-- superoxide anion, Other free radicals, H2O2- hydrogen peroxide made from O2- by superoxide dismutase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

___ is called the “respiratory burst” due to transient increase in O2 consumption and creates ___

A

NADPH oxidase

reactive oxygen intermediates such as O2-, free radicals and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

H2O2 + Fe2+ → bleach and hydroxyl radial (OH)

20
Q

why is NADPH oxidase important

A

will turn O2 into toxic materials (ROI reactive oxygen intermediates) and NO (nitric oxide) that eat pathogens

found in macrophages

21
Q

____: Immunodeficiency due to inability to produce ROIs resulting from Mutation in any of the subunits of the NADPH oxidase complex. Can’t get rid of microbe so continuous recruitment of Macrophages and T lymphocytes surround microbe (granuloma)

A

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)-

22
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)- Immunodeficiency due to inability to produce ROIs resulting from Mutation in any of the subunits of the ___ complex. Can’t get rid of microbe so continuous recruitment of Macrophages and T lymphocytes surround microbe (granuloma)

A

NADPH oxidase

23
Q

Macrophage-derived ___ coordinate innate and adaptive immunity

A

cytokines and chemokines

24
Q

TNF is produced by ___ to do ___

A

macrophages

activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability, which leads to increased entery of IgG complement, and cells to tissues and increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes

25
Q

systemic effect of the release of TNF-alpha

A

fever

mobilization of metabolites

shock

26
Q

local effect of IL-6

A

lymphocyte activation

increased antibody production

27
Q

systemic effect of IL-6 activation

A

fever

induces acute-phase protein production

28
Q

local effect of IL-1beta

A

activates vascular endothelium

activates lymphocytes

local tissue destruction

increases access of effector cells

29
Q

systemic effect of IL-1beta

A

fever

production of IL-6

30
Q

local effect of CXCL8

A

chemotactic factor recruits neutrophils, basophils and T cells to site of infection

31
Q

local effect of IL-12

A

activates NK cells

induced the differentiation of CD4 T cells into TH1cells

32
Q

___: activates NK cells

induced the differentiation of CD4 T cells into TH1cells

A

IL-12

33
Q

the local effect of ___

chemotactic factor recruits neutrophils, basophils and T cells to site of infection

A

CXCL8

34
Q

local effect of ____ is: activates vascular endothelium

activates lymphocytes

local tissue destruction

increases access of effector cells

A

IL-1 Beta

35
Q

local effect of ___ is lymphocyte activation and

increased antibody production

A

IL-6

36
Q

Cytokines cause ___ in vascular diameter leading to ___ local blood flow (heat and redness)

A

increase

increased

37
Q

the increase in vascular diameter, by cytokines, results in ___ blood flow so cells can stick and enter.

A

slower

38
Q

the increase in vascular diameter, by cytokines, induce ___ molecule expression or activation

A

adhesion

39
Q

during the inflammatory response, immune cells leave the blood steam in-between endothelial cells by ___

A

extravasation

40
Q

explain the inflammatory response

A
41
Q

Inflammation also results in vascular permeabilization. Exit of fluid from blood into tissue to cause ___

A

swelling and pain,

pain is caused by the generation of peptide bradykinin

pain immobilizes, allows wound healing

42
Q

____ act on endothelium to make them “sticky”

A

TNF and IL-1

43
Q

why is too much inflammation bad?

A

septic shock

44
Q

Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD) – Primary immunodeficiency affecting Irish Setters – susceptible to recurring bacterial infection. What goes wrong?

A

can’t eat the pathogen

loss of integrins on neutrophils, can’t get into tissues that are affected by pathogen

45
Q

the innate immune system: Uses ___to block pathogen entry

Uses ___ cells to detect the presence of infection

Orchestrates ___ and recruitment of specialized

cells to neutralize pathogens

A

barriers

sentinel (macrophages and monocytes)

inflammation

22 spring: immunology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions