Test 1: lecture 2

Question 1

good microbes

Answer 1

commensal microbes

Question 2

4 classes of animal pathogen

Answer 2

bacteria

fungi

viruses

parasites

Question 3

types of niches pathogens can occupy

Answer 3

extracellular:

interstitial space, blood and lymph

epithelial surfaces

Intracellular

cytoplasmic or vesicular

Question 4

innate immunity is required to trigger what part of adaptive immunity

Answer 4

1: Required for T and B cell activation by pathogens
2: Instructs the response that is most appropriate for each pathogen

Question 5

epithelial barriers in the __ help protect from pathogens

Answer 5

skin

gut

lungs

eyes and nose

Question 6

Physical ___ junctions of epithelial barriers prevent pathogens from entering our bodies

Answer 6

cell-cell

Question 7

how do epithelial barriers protect us?

Answer 7

keep pathogens out- mechanical and chemical barriers

are constantly cleared

muco-cillary clearance

normal flora- competes for food of pathogen

Question 8

most common portals of microbe entry

Answer 8

skin

respiratory tract

GI

reproductive tract

Question 9

epithelial layer provide a ___ and ___ barrier

Answer 9

physical

chemical

Question 10

just under epithelial cells, ___ cells survey for infection

Answer 10

sentinel

Question 11

___ continuously produced from monocytes. Make up ~15% of all tissue cells and monitor for pathogens.

Answer 11

macrophages

Question 12

macrophages are found in large number where?

Answer 12

intestine

lung (alveolar macrophages)

liver (kupffer cells)

spleen (clear out RBC)

brain (microglia)

Question 13

what is the most abundant neutrophil?

Answer 13

leukocytes

Question 14

neutrophils live ___. they are normal found in the ___ unless pathogen is detected

Answer 14

a few days

blood

Question 15

___ are responsible for inflammation, pain, redness, heat and swelling

Answer 15

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 16

how do phagocytes find and eat pathogen?

Answer 16

have receptors on their surface for nonspecific pathogen

if something binds will eat and then break down the pathogen into pieces → it will then put a piece of the pathogen on its surface

it will also produce cytokines and chemokines to recruit help

Question 17

chemotaxis

Answer 17

neutrophil can sense pathogen and will chase after it

Question 18

___ are produced by phagocytosis to try to break down pathogen

Answer 18

Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and Nitric Oxide (NO)

NADPH oxidase- generates ROIs from molecular oxygen: Called the “respiratory burst” due to transient increase in O₂ consumption

O₂^-- superoxide anion, Other free radicals, H₂O₂- hydrogen peroxide made from O₂^- by superoxide dismutase

Question 19

___ is called the “respiratory burst” due to transient increase in O₂ consumption and creates ___

Answer 19

NADPH oxidase

reactive oxygen intermediates such as O2^-, free radicals and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

H2O2 + Fe2+ → bleach and hydroxyl radial (OH)

Question 20

why is NADPH oxidase important

Answer 20

will turn O2 into toxic materials (ROI reactive oxygen intermediates) and NO (nitric oxide) that eat pathogens

found in macrophages

Question 21

____: Immunodeficiency due to inability to produce ROIs resulting from Mutation in any of the subunits of the NADPH oxidase complex. Can’t get rid of microbe so continuous recruitment of Macrophages and T lymphocytes surround microbe (granuloma)

Answer 21

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)-

Question 22

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)- Immunodeficiency due to inability to produce ROIs resulting from Mutation in any of the subunits of the ___ complex. Can’t get rid of microbe so continuous recruitment of Macrophages and T lymphocytes surround microbe (granuloma)

Answer 22

NADPH oxidase

Question 23

Macrophage-derived ___ coordinate innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 23

cytokines and chemokines

Question 24

TNF is produced by ___ to do ___

Answer 24

macrophages

activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability, which leads to increased entery of IgG complement, and cells to tissues and increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes

Question 25

systemic effect of the release of TNF-alpha

Answer 25

fever mobilization of metabolites shock

Question 26

local effect of IL-6

Answer 26

lymphocyte activation increased antibody production

Question 27

systemic effect of IL-6 activation

Answer 27

fever induces acute-phase protein production

Question 28

local effect of IL-1beta

Answer 28

activates vascular endothelium activates lymphocytes local tissue destruction increases access of effector cells

Question 29

systemic effect of IL-1beta

Answer 29

fever production of IL-6

Question 30

local effect of CXCL8

Answer 30

chemotactic factor recruits neutrophils, basophils and T cells to site of infection

Question 31

local effect of IL-12

Answer 31

activates NK cells induced the differentiation of CD4 T cells into T_H1cells

Question 32

\_\_\_: activates NK cells induced the differentiation of CD4 T cells into T_H1cells

Answer 32

IL-12

Question 33

the local effect of \_\_\_ chemotactic factor recruits neutrophils, basophils and T cells to site of infection

Answer 33

CXCL8

Question 34

local effect of ____ is: activates vascular endothelium activates lymphocytes local tissue destruction increases access of effector cells

Answer 34

IL-1 Beta

Question 35

local effect of ___ is lymphocyte activation and increased antibody production

Answer 35

IL-6

Question 36

Cytokines cause ___ in vascular diameter leading to ___ local blood flow (**heat** and **redness**)

Answer 36

increase increased

Question 37

the increase in vascular diameter, by cytokines, results in ___ blood flow so cells can stick and enter.

Answer 37

slower

Question 38

the increase in vascular diameter, by cytokines, induce ___ molecule expression or activation

Answer 38

adhesion

Question 39

during the inflammatory response, immune cells leave the blood steam in-between endothelial cells by \_\_\_

Answer 39

extravasation

Question 40

explain the inflammatory response

Answer 40

Question 41

Inflammation also results in vascular permeabilization. Exit of fluid from blood into tissue to cause \_\_\_

Answer 41

swelling and pain, pain is caused by the generation of **peptide bradykinin** pain immobilizes, allows wound healing

Question 42

\_\_\_\_ act on endothelium to make them “sticky”

Answer 42

TNF and IL-1

Question 43

why is too much inflammation bad?

Answer 43

septic shock

Question 44

**Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD) –** Primary immunodeficiency affecting Irish Setters – susceptible to recurring bacterial infection. What goes wrong?

Answer 44

can't eat the pathogen loss of integrins on neutrophils, can't get into tissues that are affected by pathogen

Question 45

the **innate immune system:** Uses \_\_\_to block pathogen entry Uses ___ cells to detect the presence of infection Orchestrates ___ and recruitment of specialized cells to neutralize pathogens

Answer 45

barriers sentinel (macrophages and monocytes) inflammation