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22 spring: immunology > Test 1: lecture 3 > Flashcards

Test 1: lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

___ : molecular explanation for innate immune detection of pathogens – Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

Pattern Recognition Theory

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2
Q

___ distill microbial world into small number of specific signatures

A

TLRs

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3
Q

Cell Surface and Intracellular TLRs detect distinct classes of ___(cell surface structures vs. nucleic acids)

A

PAMPs Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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4
Q

___ are crucial for initiation of innate inflammatory response programs

A

PRRs Pattern Recognition Receptors

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5
Q

___ recognition of microbial products leads to upregulation of antigen presentation and instructive cytokines in order to instruct pathogen-specific ___ response

A

innate

adaptive

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6
Q

Antiviral response module involves activation of distinct class of responses – type I IFN response and ___ responses to eliminate virally infected cells

A

Natural Killer (NK)

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7
Q

Unique evolutionary pressures shape the specificity and repertoire of the ___immune system

A

innate

host has to be able to identify pathogen. Pathogen is trying to avoid host

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8
Q

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

Receptors evolved to detect unique features of microbes that are distinct from the host cell physiology

how host tells a pathogen is there

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9
Q

___ are expressed on sentinel cells and signal the presence of infection

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

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10
Q

PRRs allow ___ of response and self/non-self discrimination

A

specificity

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11
Q

___ immunity is encoded in the genome

A

innate

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12
Q

___ immunity is expressed by all cells in a particular type (macrophages)

A

innate

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13
Q

___ immunity triggers immediate response

A

innate

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14
Q

___ immunity recognizes broad classes of pathogen

A

innate

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15
Q

___ immunity requires gene re-arrangement

A

adaptive

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16
Q

___ immunity is by clonal distribution

A

adaptive

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17
Q

___ immunity is able to discriminate between even closely related molecular structures

A

adaptive

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18
Q

___ immunity is able to distinguish the type of pathogen

A

innate

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19
Q
A

gram + bacteria

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20
Q
A

gram negative bacteria

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21
Q

what two things are unique to gram + bacteria

A
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22
Q

what is unique about gram negative bacteria

A
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23
Q

___ bacteria contain two cell membranes

A

gram negative

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24
Q

LPS found on ___ bacteria is responsible for endotoxic shock

A

gram- negative

lipopolysaccharide

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25
Q

lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, LPS and lipoproteins are unique to ___

A
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26
Q

____ are PRRs that detect repetitive carbohydrate structures

A

Soluble scavenger receptors

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27
Q

Soluble scavenger receptors are used to detect what kind of pathogen?

A
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28
Q

mannose binding lectin is a type of ___ and detect ___

A

soluble scavenger receptor which is a type of pattern recognition receptors

repetitive carb structures on bacteria and fungi

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29
Q

toll like receptors lead to the expression of

A

interleukin cytokines such as IL1beta, Il-8, IL-6 ect

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30
Q

___ part of TLR tiggers the expression of interleukin

A

NFK B

31
Q

what TLR recognize fungi, gram + bacteria

A

6 and 2 recognize diacyl lipopeptides

1 and 2 recognize triacyl lipopeptides

32
Q

what TLR recognizes Gram negative bacteria

A

TLR-4 recognizes LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

33
Q

what TLR recognizes motile bacteria

A

TLR5 recognizes flagellin

34
Q

TLR 6 and TLR 2 recognize ___ of ___

A

diacyl lipopeptides

fungi and gram + bacteria

35
Q

TLR 1 and TLR 2 recognize ___ of ___

A

triacyl lipopeptides

fungi and gram + bacteria

36
Q

TLR5 recognize ___

A

flagellin of motile bacteria

37
Q

TLR4 and MD2 recognize ___

A

LPS of gram negative bacteria

38
Q

what TLR detects dsRNA

A

3

39
Q

what TLR detects ssRNA

A

7

40
Q

what TLR detects CpGDNA

A

9

41
Q

___ are intracellular TLR

A
42
Q

surface TLR detect ___

A

bacteria and fungal PAMPs

easy to distinguish self/nonself

43
Q

endosomal TLRs detect ___

A

nucleic acids

things can go wrong with detecting self/nonself

44
Q

TLR___ activation by self-RNA and DNA is strongly implicated in lupus and psoriasis (autoimmune diseases)

A

7/9

45
Q

NOD2

A

PRR that floats in the cytosol looking for nonself pathogen

recognize muramyl dipeptide of bacteria

46
Q

Coincident detection of multiple PAMPs in distinct cellular locations may also allow the innate immune system to distinguish pathogens from ____:BOTH express PAMPs. ONLY pathogens invade

A

commensals: (good bacteria)

47
Q

activation of TLR leads to ___

A

increased phagocytosis and phagosome- lysosome fusion

inflammatory cytokines: type 1 interferons, ani-microbial molecules and antigen presentation activity(MHC)

48
Q
A

when TLR detects pathogen it will eat pathogen and trigger movement of MHC to the outside of the cell to hold little pieces of the pathogen and tell adaptive immunity “pathogen is here”

Express costimulatory molecules and cytokines for activation of lymphocytes

49
Q

TLR signals induce dendritic cell “___” and expression of signals important for adaptive immunity

A

maturation

50
Q

TLRs induce:

A

MHC/peptide complexes (increased antigen presentation- to be seen by Tcell)

CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules

production of cytokines

51
Q

what are the three signals to trigger T cell activation

A

TLR trigger:

MHC/peptide complexes (increased antigen presentation- to be seen by Tcell)

CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules

production of cytokines

52
Q

Full activation of T cells requires ___ antigen, ___ molecules, and cytokines

A

MHC-peptide

costimulatory

53
Q

Misregulation or inappropriate activation of TLR___associated with autoimmunity

A

7/9 (lupus- these are nucleic acid receptor)

7 → ssRNA → RNA virus

9 → CpGDNA → DNA viruses

7 is found on X chromosome, if jumps to Y then there will be twice the expression → lupus

54
Q

Systemic Lupus Erethymatosis (SLE) in dogs is rare, but is believed to be underdiagnosed. Caused by error in ___

A

TLR 7

55
Q

for bacertia what is used to detect

LPS:

Lipopeptides:

Flagellin:

Peptidoglycans:

A

LPS: TLR4

Lipopeptides: TLR2

Flagellin: TLR5

Peptidoglycans: NOD1/2

56
Q

what are two ways a cell detects double stranded viral RNA

A

TLR-3- detect nucleic acids outside of cell

RIG-I/MDA5- detect nucleic acids inside the cell meaning active virus replication is taking place

create interferons (antiviral)

57
Q

____ detect double stranded nucleic acids outside the cell such as free virus particles, dead infected cells, and phagocytosed material

A

TLR-3

create interferons (antiviral)

58
Q

___ detects nucleic acids inside the cell, meaning there is active viral replication

A

RIG-1/MDA5

create interferons (antiviral)

59
Q

TLR-3 and RIG-1/MDA5 lead to activation of ___

A

type 1 interferons

IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

60
Q

Type 1 interferons

A

made by TLR-3 and RIG-1/MDA5 in response to double stranded viral RNA

  • induce resistance to viral replication
  • increase MHC class 1 expression and antigen presentation
  • activate dendritic cells and macrophages
  • activate NK cells
61
Q

___ activate NK cells to kill virus infected cell and increase MHC class 1 expression and antigen presentation in all cells

A

Type 1 interferons (IFN alpha and IFN- beta) made by TLR3 and MDA5/RIG-1 in response to double stranded viral RNA

62
Q

NK cells produce ___ which is important for early control of intracellular pathogens

A

IFN gamma (interferon type 2)

63
Q

IFN- ___ causes rapid killing of virally-infected cells

A

gamma (type 2 interferon)

stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to become more antimicrobial

produced by NK cells

which are stimulated by type 1 interferons to kill virus

64
Q

___ is a protein in NK cells that creates pores

A

perforin

65
Q

___ are in NK cells that are injected into cell to be killed

A

granzymes

66
Q

NK cells recognize virus-infected cells due to virus attempt to evade adaptive immune response by downregulating ___

A

MHC I

67
Q

how does NK cells know what to eat?

A

MHC class 1 will inhibit NK cells or lectinlike CD94:NKG2 will bind to killer inhibitory receptors → stop NK cells

if MHC class 1 are altered or absent → NK will kill

missing self recognition

NK cell responses are controlled by balance of activating and inhibitor signals

68
Q

cytokines produced in response to bacteria are ___ and will effect ___ cells

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-12, IL-23, IL-17

macrophages and neutophils

69
Q

cytokines produced in response to fungi are ___ and will effect ___ cells

A

IL-12, IL-23, IL-17

Macrophages,Neutrophils

70
Q

cells in response to viruses produce what cytokines ___ which trigger what effector cells?

A

type 1 interferons (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta)

NK cells, CD8 T cells

71
Q

RNA is detected by what PRR?

A

RNA: TLR3, TLR7, TLR9

72
Q

intracellular RNA is detected by

A

MDA5/RIG-1

73
Q

The___ immune system distills the microbial world into specific signals

A

innate

74
Q

The ___ immune system distills the microbial world into specific signals. Identifies the type of pathogen. Recruits cells to neutralize the infectious agent (inflammation). Activates the appropriate type of ___ immunity

A

innate

adaptive

22 spring: immunology (23 decks)

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