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22 spring: immunology > Test 1: lecture 3 > Flashcards

Test 1: lecture 3 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

___ : molecular explanation for innate immune detection of pathogens – Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

Pattern Recognition Theory

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2
Q

___ distill microbial world into small number of specific signatures

A

TLRs

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3
Q

Cell Surface and Intracellular TLRs detect distinct classes of ___(cell surface structures vs. nucleic acids)

A

PAMPs Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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4
Q

___ are crucial for initiation of innate inflammatory response programs

A

PRRs Pattern Recognition Receptors

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5
Q

___ recognition of microbial products leads to upregulation of antigen presentation and instructive cytokines in order to instruct pathogen-specific ___ response

A

innate

adaptive

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6
Q

Antiviral response module involves activation of distinct class of responses – type I IFN response and ___ responses to eliminate virally infected cells

A

Natural Killer (NK)

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7
Q

Unique evolutionary pressures shape the specificity and repertoire of the ___immune system

A

innate

host has to be able to identify pathogen. Pathogen is trying to avoid host

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8
Q

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

Receptors evolved to detect unique features of microbes that are distinct from the host cell physiology

how host tells a pathogen is there

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9
Q

___ are expressed on sentinel cells and signal the presence of infection

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

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10
Q

PRRs allow ___ of response and self/non-self discrimination

A

specificity

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11
Q

___ immunity is encoded in the genome

A

innate

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12
Q

___ immunity is expressed by all cells in a particular type (macrophages)

A

innate

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13
Q

___ immunity triggers immediate response

A

innate

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14
Q

___ immunity recognizes broad classes of pathogen

A

innate

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15
Q

___ immunity requires gene re-arrangement

A

adaptive

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16
Q

___ immunity is by clonal distribution

A

adaptive

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17
Q

___ immunity is able to discriminate between even closely related molecular structures

A

adaptive

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18
Q

___ immunity is able to distinguish the type of pathogen

A

innate

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19
Q
A

gram + bacteria

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20
Q
A

gram negative bacteria

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21
Q

what two things are unique to gram + bacteria

A
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22
Q

what is unique about gram negative bacteria

A
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23
Q

___ bacteria contain two cell membranes

A

gram negative

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24
Q

LPS found on ___ bacteria is responsible for endotoxic shock

A

gram- negative

lipopolysaccharide

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25
lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, LPS and lipoproteins are unique to \_\_\_
26
\_\_\_\_ are PRRs that detect repetitive carbohydrate structures
Soluble scavenger receptors
27
Soluble scavenger receptors are used to detect what kind of pathogen?
28
mannose binding lectin is a type of ___ and detect \_\_\_
soluble scavenger receptor which is a type of pattern recognition receptors repetitive carb structures on bacteria and fungi
29
toll like receptors lead to the expression of
interleukin cytokines such as IL1beta, Il-8, IL-6 ect
30
\_\_\_ part of TLR tiggers the expression of interleukin
NFK B
31
what TLR recognize fungi, gram + bacteria
6 and 2 recognize diacyl lipopeptides 1 and 2 recognize triacyl lipopeptides
32
what TLR recognizes Gram negative bacteria
TLR-4 recognizes LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
33
what TLR recognizes motile bacteria
TLR5 recognizes flagellin
34
TLR 6 and TLR 2 recognize ___ of \_\_\_
diacyl lipopeptides fungi and gram + bacteria
35
TLR 1 and TLR 2 recognize ___ of \_\_\_
triacyl lipopeptides fungi and gram + bacteria
36
TLR5 recognize \_\_\_
flagellin of motile bacteria
37
TLR4 and MD2 recognize \_\_\_
LPS of gram negative bacteria
38
what TLR detects dsRNA
3
39
what TLR detects ssRNA
7
40
what TLR detects CpGDNA
9
41
\_\_\_ are intracellular TLR
42
surface TLR detect \_\_\_
bacteria and fungal PAMPs easy to distinguish self/nonself
43
endosomal TLRs detect \_\_\_
nucleic acids things can go wrong with detecting self/nonself
44
TLR\_\_\_ activation by self-RNA and DNA is **strongly** implicated in lupus and psoriasis (autoimmune diseases)
7/9
45
NOD2
PRR that floats in the **cytosol** looking for nonself pathogen recognize **muramyl dipeptide** of bacteria
46
Coincident detection of multiple PAMPs in distinct cellular locations may also allow the innate immune system to distinguish **pathogens** from \_\_\_\_:BOTH express PAMPs. ONLY pathogens *invade*
commensals: (good bacteria)
47
activation of TLR leads to \_\_\_
increased phagocytosis and phagosome- lysosome fusion **inflammatory cytokines**: type 1 interferons, ani-microbial molecules and **antigen presentation activity(MHC)**
48
when TLR detects pathogen it will eat pathogen and trigger movement of MHC to the outside of the cell to hold little pieces of the pathogen and tell adaptive immunity "pathogen is here" Express costimulatory molecules and cytokines for activation of lymphocytes
49
TLR signals induce dendritic cell “\_\_\_” and expression of signals important for adaptive immunity
maturation
50
TLRs induce:
MHC/peptide complexes (increased antigen presentation- to be seen by Tcell) CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules production of cytokines
51
what are the three signals to trigger T cell activation
TLR trigger: MHC/peptide complexes (increased antigen presentation- to be seen by Tcell) CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules production of cytokines
52
Full activation of T cells requires ___ antigen, ___ molecules, and cytokines
MHC-peptide costimulatory
53
Misregulation or inappropriate activation of TLR\_\_\_associated with autoimmunity
7/9 (lupus- these are nucleic acid receptor) 7 → ssRNA → RNA virus 9 → CpGDNA → DNA viruses 7 is found on X chromosome, if jumps to Y then there will be twice the expression → lupus
54
Systemic Lupus Erethymatosis (SLE) in dogs is rare, but is believed to be underdiagnosed. Caused by error in \_\_\_
TLR 7
55
for bacertia what is used to detect LPS: Lipopeptides: Flagellin: Peptidoglycans:
LPS: TLR4 Lipopeptides: TLR2 Flagellin: TLR5 Peptidoglycans: NOD1/2
56
what are two ways a cell detects double stranded viral RNA
TLR-3- detect nucleic acids outside of cell RIG-I/MDA5- detect nucleic acids **inside the cell** meaning active virus replication is taking place create **interferons** (antiviral)
57
\_\_\_\_ detect double stranded nucleic acids outside the cell such as free virus particles, dead infected cells, and phagocytosed material
TLR-3 create interferons (antiviral)
58
\_\_\_ detects nucleic acids inside the cell, meaning there is active viral replication
RIG-1/MDA5 create interferons (antiviral)
59
TLR-3 and RIG-1/MDA5 lead to activation of \_\_\_
type 1 interferons IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
60
Type 1 interferons
made by TLR-3 and RIG-1/MDA5 in response to double stranded viral RNA - induce resistance to viral replication - increase MHC class 1 expression and antigen presentation - activate dendritic cells and macrophages - activate NK cells
61
\_\_\_ activate NK cells to kill virus infected cell and increase MHC class 1 expression and antigen presentation in all cells
Type 1 interferons (IFN alpha and IFN- beta) made by TLR3 and MDA5/RIG-1 in response to double stranded viral RNA
62
NK cells produce ___ which is important for early control of intracellular pathogens
IFN gamma (interferon type 2)
63
IFN- ___ causes rapid killing of virally-infected cells
**gamma (type 2 interferon)** **stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to become more antimicrobial** produced by NK cells which are stimulated by type 1 interferons to kill virus
64
\_\_\_ is a protein in NK cells that creates pores
perforin
65
\_\_\_ are in NK cells that are injected into cell to be killed
granzymes
66
NK cells recognize virus-infected cells due to virus attempt to evade adaptive immune response by downregulating \_\_\_
MHC I
67
how does NK cells know what to eat?
MHC class 1 will inhibit NK cells or lectinlike CD94:NKG2 will bind to killer inhibitory receptors → stop NK cells if MHC class 1 are altered or absent → NK will kill **missing self recognition** NK cell responses are controlled by balance of activating and inhibitor signals
68
cytokines produced in response to bacteria are ___ and will effect ___ cells
TNF, IL-1, IL-12, IL-23, IL-17 macrophages and neutophils
69
cytokines produced in response to fungi are ___ and will effect ___ cells
IL-12, IL-23, IL-17 Macrophages,Neutrophils
70
cells in response to viruses produce what cytokines ___ which trigger what effector cells?
type 1 interferons (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta) NK cells, CD8 T cells
71
RNA is detected by what PRR?
RNA: TLR3, TLR7, TLR9
72
intracellular RNA is detected by
MDA5/RIG-1
73
The\_\_\_ **immune system** distills the microbial world into specific signals
**innate**
74
The ___ **immune system** distills the microbial world into specific signals. Identifies the type of pathogen. Recruits cells to neutralize the infectious agent (inflammation). Activates the appropriate type of ___ immunity
**innate** adaptive

22 spring: immunology (23 decks)

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