test 15 Flashcards
the characteristics flavors and odors of fruits are the results of naturally occurring compounds called
esters
how can manufacturers of artificial flavorings or anything else shift the chemical equilibrium
continually adding a reactant, removing a product, or both
what 3 major things is ammonia (NH3) used in
1- fertilizers
2- cleaning compounds
3- explosives
The industrial preparation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gas that uses high temperatures, high pressures, and catalysts.
haber process
The equilibrium constant for the dissolving of a slightly soluble salt
solubility product constant (Ksp)
irreversible reaction
A reaction that proceeds in only one direction to permanently change reactants into products.
A reaction that proceeds in a forward and reverse direction so that products can change back into reactants and an equilibrium can be reached.
reversible reaction
what determines how far a reaction will proceed
the study of equilibrium
in product favored reactions the equilibrium lies to the ___ side of the chemical equation
right
what does it mean if a reaction is reactant favored
the concentration of the reactants is higher than the products at the products at equilibrium
how do you use the double arrows to indicate the favorable direction in an equilibrium reaction
the longer arrow points towards the more favorable one
when talking about equilibrium constants (or rate laws) square brackets signify
concentrations in units of moles per liter
A numerical expression of the ratio of the products to reactants at equilibrium. Each concentration in the expression is raised to the power that matches the substance’s coefficient in the balanced chemical reaction.
equilibrium constant (Keq)
what does it mean when the value of Keq is bigger than 1
the forward reaction predominates and the concentrations of products (numerator) are greater than the concentrations of the reactants (denominator)
A chemical system at equilibrium in which all the reactants and products are in the same state of matter.
homogeneous equilibrium
since heterogeneous equilibrium constants the concentrations of solids and liquids are both defined as one.
what does this tell you?
these substances don’t affect equilibrium constants
are aqueous substances included in equilibrium constants
yes
what does it mean when if the value of an equilibrium constant is much greater than one
the reaction proceeds almost to completion as written and equilibrium lies far to the right
the lower the Keq the more ___ favored the reaction is
reactant
the higher the Keq the more ___ favored the reaction i
product
What states that when a reversible process is disturbed, it will proceed in the direction that relieves the stress
Châtelier’s principle
What are the stresses that influence equilibrium reactants?
And the haber process
Concentration
Pressure
Temperature
Action of a catalyst
Some___reactions are affected by changes in pressure
Gaseous
If there are fewer GAS molecules in the product thAn in the reactants, the forward reaction___the pressure
Decreases
Increases in temperature will lower the equilibrium constant of___reactions
Exothermic
Increases in temperature does not favor an___reaction
Exothermic
The lower the temperature the___ product favored
Less
Substances that change the rate of a reaction without undergoing any permanent changes themselves
Catalyst
The addition of a catalyst has no effect on what two things
Equilibrium concentrations
The value of Keq
Does a catalyst affect favorability
No
Most natural processes are what kind of a reaction
Reversible
Know how to write equilibrium constant’s
Product/reactant
The coefficient becomes the exponent
Only includes gases and aqueous substances
Chemical equilibrium is
Dynamic
Keq < 1
Reactant favored
Keq > 1
Product favored
Concentration of a gas is more affected by___than solids and liquids are
Pressure
When heat is added to an endothermic reaction it is
Forward favored
the form a rate law takes
rate= k[A]^m[B]^n
[A] and [B]
the molar concentration of reactants
m and n
the reaction orders for [A] and [B] respectively
