Test 14 Flashcards
what basic question does thermodynamics answer?
can it react
what basic question does kinetics answer?
will it react?
how fast will it react?
what studies the rates of reactions and the steps by which they occur?
kinetics
thermodynamics relates only to the ________ of a reaction and is therefore path ____
starting and ending
independent
kinetics is path
dependent
kinetics seeks to determine what happens _____ the start and endpoint of a reaction
between
the collision theory states that what three things must happen before a reaction can occur
1- particles must collide before they can react
2- the collision must be properly oriented for the necessary rearrangement of atoms and electrons
3- the collisions must be forceful enough to form products
what explains why reactions occur at faster or slower rates, depending on reaction conditions
collision theory
the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds is directly related to what
the frequency of effective collisions
the energy needed to jump start a reaction. the minimum amount of kinetic energy that must be possessed by the colliding molecules before they can react
activation energy
symbol for activation energy
Ea
as a rule, the ___ the activation energy is, the faster the reaction will occur
Lower
breaking bonds in molecules always requires___
energy
A theoretical, unstable, energetic group of reactants that forms as a transitional structure during a chemical reaction.
activated complex
The speed at which reactants disappear or products appear in a chemical reaction.
reaction rates
what are the 5 most important factors affecting reaction rates
1- nature of reactants 2- concentration 3- temperature 4- surface area 5- presence of catalysts
is the effect of concentration on the reaction rate the same for every reaction?
no
higher temperatures increase reaction rates in what two ways
by increasing both the number and the force of collisions between reactants
a substance that changes a reaction rate without being permanently changed or consumed by the reaction
catalyst
what are the only substances shown in a balanced chemical equation
products
reactants
does a catalyst effect the concentration of a product
no
airborne dust particles can
combust with the force of a bomb
in the same phase as the reactants or in solution with a reactant
homogeneous catalyst
a naturally occurring protein molecule that acts as a catalyst
enzyme
a substance used to reduce a catalyst’s undesirable effects
inhibitor
a reaction with a ____ is most likely to occur
small reaction energy
rate laws are always based on
the rate-determining step
the study of how the human body processes medication
pharmacokinetics
how the body spreads out the drug
distribution process
the organ that is chiefly responsible for metabolizing drugs
liver
organ used to eliminate a drug from the body
kidneys
list the 4 processes a drug goes through in the body in order
1- absorption
2- distribution
3- metabolism
4- excretion
what are the intermediates in the metabolism process called
metabolites
rate= k[A]^3[B]^4
what happens when you double the concentration of A
reaction happens 8x as fast
the series of steps that make up a reaction
reaction mechanism
two or more possible steps that make up a reaction mechanism
elementary steps
the slowest elementary step in the reaction. the one that limits how fast the reaction will occur
rate-determining step
The combination of the individual elementary steps of a reaction.
complex reaction
A substance formed in one step and consumed in the next step during a complex reaction. It does not appear in the net chemical equation.
intermediates
A reaction in which the reactants and products are all in the same phase
homogeneous reaction
reaction mechanisms are ____
temperature dependent
higher temp = ____ reaction
faster
lower temp=____ reaction
slower
what indicates how the rate of a reaction is affected by that specific reactant’s concentration.
reaction order
the form a rate law takes
rate= k[A]^m[B]^n
k
the specific rate constant
[A] and [B]
the molar concentration of reactants
m and n
the reaction orders for [A] and [B] respectively
