Test 1 Review Questions

Question 0

what is an element

Answer 0

a substance that cannot be converted to simpler substance by ordinary chemical reactions

Question 1

What components make up an atom?

Answer 1

nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons

Question 2

In what way do atoms differ from one another?

Answer 2

They have a different number of protons

Question 3

How do protons and electrons relate to the chemical properties of atoms and molecules?

Answer 3

The protons determine what the atom is

it has the same number of electrons as it does protons

Question 4

What is an ion?

Answer 4

an electrically charged particle

Question 5

Why do ions form?

Answer 5

form when an atom gains or loses one or more elctrons

Question 6

What happens when ions dissolve in water?

Answer 6

Their bonds are broken

Question 7

What are the four categories of biologically important molecules?

Answer 7

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Polymers
Macromolecules

Question 8

What elements are important for each category?

Answer 8

Carbohydrates - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Lipids - carbon and hydrogen

Question 9

What are the basic functions for each category

Answer 9

Carbohydrates - store energy in chemical bonds
Lipids - long term energy storage
Polymers - single units, most biologically important molecules
Macromolecules - all ⬆️

Question 10

What are some reasons simple molecules are formed into polymers

Answer 10

It makes them more complex

Question 11

How are triglycerides composed

Answer 11

composed of 3 fatty acids

Question 12

How are triglycerides and phospholipds similar and different

Answer 12

They both have fatty acids

Tri have three

Phospholipids have a phosphate group instead of glycerol

Question 13

What does it mean to say glucose contains energy?

Answer 13

Contains bonds that can be broken to create energy

Question 14

How is energy Released?

Answer 14

exergonic reactions

Question 15

Three components of a nucleotode

Answer 15

phosphate
5-C sugar
Base

Question 16

How are nucleotides joined together in a polymer

Answer 16

condensation reaction

Question 17

Which nucleotide polymer is double stranded

Answer 17

DNA

Question 18

Which nucleotides are complemetary

Why

Answer 18

A-T/U
G-C
A and G are Purines
and T, C and U are Pyrimidines

Question 19

What are the three types of RNA

Answer 19

mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer)
rRNA (ribosomal)

Question 20

What are the components of all amino acids

Answer 20

Amino group
Carboxyl group
R side chain
Hydrogen 
Carbon

Question 21

Why is the similarity of amino acids important for the formation of peptide linkages

Answer 21

The amino acid and the Carboxyl group react together

Question 22

What kind of bonds holds together protein structures?

Answer 22

Primary- peptide bonds

Secondary and tertiary - Hydrogen bonds

Question 23

Why is protein shape so important?

Answer 23

Shape affects function

Question 24

What effects do enzymes have on the energy barrier and reaction rate?

Answer 24

Enzymes make things happen faster | It lowers the energy barrier

Question 25

What does it mean to denature a protein?

Answer 25

change it's shape | it will no longer work

Question 26

What factors cause a protein to denature?

Answer 26

Heat, alterations in concentration of H+ and high concentrations of polar substances

Question 27

How do feedback loops allow cells to control their chemical processes?

Answer 27

They tell the cell if it needs more and should continue to make what it's making or if it should stop

Question 28

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

Answer 28

Prokaryotes - no nucleus or membrane bound organelles | Eukaryotes- have a nucleus

Question 29

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 29

Archea Bacteria Eukarya

Question 30

What domain contains all multicellular life?

Answer 30

Eukaryotes

Question 31

What does it mean for organelles to be membrane bound? How does it contribute to cell organization

Answer 31

It keeps things separate

Question 32

What molecule forms the basis for biological membranes?

Answer 32

Phospholipids

Question 33

What types of molecules are embedded in a membrane or attached to membranes

Answer 33

Carbohydrates | Proteins

Question 34

What biological process depend on their membranes for their function and why?

Answer 34

Mitochondrion and chloroplast

Question 35

How do membranes maintain differences between the space inside the membrane and the space outside?

Answer 35

the are selectively permeable

Question 36

How can molecules cross membranes?

Answer 36

if the match the protein and and move through it

Question 37

What does it mean to be gradient?

Answer 37

difference across the membrane

Question 38

How do gradients relate to diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive transport

Answer 38

molecules move to where the concentration is lower to even it out.

Question 39

What is meant by signal transduction pathway?

Answer 39

short and long term resononses

Question 40

What starts the pathway?

Answer 40

a signal molecule connects with the recptor

Question 41

What are the steps in the pathway

Answer 41

involves enzymes and proteins

Question 42

What ends the pathway?

Answer 42

a cellular response

Question 43

How do the steps along the way pass on the signal?

Answer 43

phosphorylation transmits the signal to thenext enzyme | kinase phophorylates the other molecules