Test 1 Jeopardy Flashcards
A diabetic patient is unresponsive as hot, dry skin and rapid respirations. You should suspect which acid/base derangement?
Metabolic acidosis
The largest fluid compartment in the body is?
Intracellular
What causes the cells to become specialized?
Differentiation
What is the movement of water from one area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration?
Osmosis
What compound if formed by the combination of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions?
Carbonic Acid
What are the structures that perform specific functions within the cell?
Organelles
What is diffusion?
The movement of a substance of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What anion plays a major role in fluid balance and renal function?
Chloride
What is the normal range of pH in the human body?
7.35 – 7.45
What movement mechanism moves a substance across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient and requires energy?
Active transport
What occurs when fluid is forced through a membrane from high-pressure on one side?
Filtration
What pressure is exerted by large protein particles?
Oncotic Force, or Colloid Osmotic Pressure
What are the two most commonly carried isotonic prehospital solutions?
Lactated Ringers, and Normal Saline
What is the term for abnormally high potassium levels?
Hyperkolemia
What is the most prevalent extracellular ion?
Sodium
.45 % NaCI solution is what tonicity in relation to normal body fluid?
Hypotonic
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.
What are the seven major functions of cells?
1) Movement
2) Conductivity
3) Metabolic Absorption
4) Secretion
5) Excretion
6) Respiration
7) Reproduction
What are four major cations found inside the body?
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
What are three systems the body uses to adjust pH?
The buffer system, the respiratory system, and the renal system.
What fluid phenomenon can be localized or systemic?
Edema
Which direction will pH shift when sodium bicarbonate is administered?
Up
What organelle converts nutrients into energy (ATP)?
Mitochondria
Extracellular fluid can be divided into what two divisions?
Interstitial fluid, and intravascular fluid
What ion plays a major role in muscle contraction as well as nervous impulse transmission?
Calcium
What type of immunity is short-term is provided by T lymphocytes?
Cell mediated immunity
What two types of body reflexes assists in adjusting and maintaining perfusion?
Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Reflexes
What are the body’s three lines of defense against disease in order?
Anatomic barriers, the inflammatory response, and the immune response.
What are the symptoms of blood transfusion reactions?
Fever, chills, hives, flushing of the skin, hypotension, tachycardia, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, headache, loss of consciousness, and palpitations.
What is the number of chromosomes contained in a simple sex cell?
23
What is the Frank–Starling mechanism?
This mechanism states that the greater the stretch of cardiac muscle the greater the force of cardiac contraction
What is Hematocrit?
The percentage of blood occupied by red cells.
Failure of the Krebs Cycle will result in what type of metabolism?
Anaerobic Metabolism
What are the three stages of Gen. adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
These two blood components make up 1% of total blood volume?
White Blood cells and platelets
What hormone that is released by a person under stress acts as an immunosuppressant, stimulates gluconeogenesis, and decreases T cell reproduction?
Cortisol
What will happen to a red blood cell when dropped into a hypotonic solution?
Swell
What are the three components that affect stroke volume?
Preload, cardiac contractile force, and afterload.
What blood type is considered the universal donor?
O negative
What hormone does the anterior pituitary glands secrete under stress that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
What sympathetic receptors are postsynaptic, found on effector organs, and cause vasoconstriction when stimulated?
Alpha 1 Receptors?
Shock begins at this level and progresses through the body in this order…
The cellular level then to the tissues, organs, organ systems, and the entire organism.
What defense mechanism is specific in nature and develops slowly?
The Immune Response
What two psychiatric illnesses are currently being studies and appear to have genetic links?
Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Cigarette smoke would be considered what type of risk factor for lung cancer?
Causal
What two psychiatric illnesses are currently being studies and appear to have genetic links?
Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
What five factors combine to cause disease?
Genetics, Environment, Lifestyle, Age, and Gender.
What type of immunity is part of the patient’s genetic makeup?
Natural Immunity
What three components are necessary for disease?
Host, Agent, and Environment
What “germs” may replicate and cause malignancy?
Viruses
What 2 types of catecholamines does the sympathetic nervous system release when stimulated?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What three mechanisms can trigger the inflammatory response?
Physical agents, chemical agents,and pathogenic microorganisms.
