Chapter 6: Basic Pharmacology Flashcards
Orphan drugs
The federal government offers incentives to pharmaceutical companies to research drugs for rare diseases. Drugs usually less profitable and hard to manufacture.
Drug
Chemical used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease.
Pharmacology
The study of drugs and their interactions with the body.
What are the four main sources of drugs?
Plants, animals, minerals, and laboratory(synthetic).
Drug inserts
Printed fact sheets that drug manufacturers supply with most medications
Pharmacokinetics
How a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted; how drugs are transported into and out of the body.
Pharmacodynamics
How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects.
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Improve the quality and labeling of drugs named the United States Pharmacopeia as the country’s source for drug information.
Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914
Limited the indiscriminate use of addicting drugs by regulating the importation, manufacture, sale, and use of opium, cocaine, and their compounds or derivatives.
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Empowered the FDA to enforce and set premarket safety standards for drugs.
Durham-Humphrey Amendments to the 1938 act
Required pharmacist to have a written or verbal prescription from a physician to dispense certain drugs.
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
Repealed and replaced the Harrison Narcotic Act
Controlled Substance Act of 1970
Created five schedules of controlled substances, each with its own level of control and record keeping requirements.
Assay
Test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory.
Bioequivalence
Relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioassay
Test to ascertain a drugs availability in a biological model.
What are the six rights in order?
Right Person Right Drug Right Dose Right Time Right Route Right Documentation
Schedule I Drug
High abuse potential; may lead to severe dependance; no accepted medical indications; used for research, analysis, or instruction only.
Heroin, LSD, mescaline
Schedule II Drug
High abuse potential; may lead to severe dependance; Accepted medical indications.
Opium, cocaine, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, methadone, secobarbital
Schedule III Drug
Less abuse potential than schedule I and II. May lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence; accepted medial indications
Limited opioid amounts or combined with noncontrolled substances: Vicodin, Tylenol with codeine
Schedule IV Drug
Low abuse potential compared to Schedule III; limited psychological and/ or physical dependence; accepted medical indications.
Schedule V
Low abuse potential compared to Schedule IV; may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence; accepted medical indications.
Limited amounts of opioids; often for cough or diarrhea.
Teratogenic Drug
Medication that may deform or kill the fetus.
FDA Pregnancy Category A
Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the fist trimester or later trimesters.
FDA Pregnancy Category B
Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
OR
Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester and there is no risk in the last trimester, but animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects
FDA Pregnancy Category C
Animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women; however, benefits may be acceptable despite the potential risk.
OR
No adequate animal studies or adequate studies of pregnant women have been done.
FDA Pregnancy Category D
Fetal risk had been demonstrated. In certain circumstances, benefits could outweigh the risks.
FDA Pregnancy Category X
Fetal risk has been demonstrated. This risk outweighs any possible benefits to the mother. Avoid using in pregnant or potentially pregnant patients.
Free Drug Availability
Proportion of drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects.
Active Transport
Requires the se of energy to move a substance.
Passive Transport
Movement of substance without the use of energy.
Carrier-mediated diffusion or Facilitated diffusion
Process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane.
Diffusion
Movement of solute in a solution from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis
Movement of solvent in a lotion from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Filtration
Movement of molecule across a membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure.
Ionize
To become electrically charged or polar- generally, ionized drugs do not absorb across the cell membranes.
Bioavailability
Amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue.
Loading dose
Larger concentration of drug required to raise amount of the drug in the system up to therapeutic levels.
Maintenance Infusion
Lower concentration, or slower administration rate, to keep drug at therapeutic levels.
Blood-brain barrier
Tight junction of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, high lipid-soluble drugs can pass.
Placental barrier
Biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules.
Metabolism
The body’s breaking down of chemicals into different chemicals.
Biotransformation
Special name given to the metabolism of drugs.
Prodrug
Medication that is not active when administered, but who’s biotransformation converts it into active metabolites.
First-pass effect
The Liver’s partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation.
Oxidation
The loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative charge) on the molecule.
Hydrolysis
The breakage of alchemical bond by adding water, or by incorporation a hydroxyl (OH-) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (OH+) into the other.
What are the four ways that drugs act?
Bind to receptor sites,
Change the physical properties of cells,
Chemically combine with other chemicals
Normal metabolic pathway
Receptor
Specialized protein that combines with a drug, resulting in a biochemical effect.
Affinity
Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor
Efficacy
A drug’s ability to cause the expected response.
Second messenger
Chemical that participates in complex cascading retains that eventually cause a drug’s desired effect.
Down-regulation
Binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes true number of receptors to decrease.
Up-Regulation
A drug causes the formation of more receptors than normal
Agonist
Drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response.
Antagonist
Dru that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response.
Agonist-antagonist (partial agonist)
Drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but block others.
Competitive Antagonism
One drug bins to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor.
Noncompetitive antagonism
The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from hitting and binding.
Irreversible Antagonism
A competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site.
Summation
Also known as an addictive effect. The drugs that both have the same effect are given together, analogous to 1+1=2.
Synergism
Two drugs that both have the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of the individual responses. Analogous to 1+1=3.
Factors Affecting Drug Response
Age Body Mass Sex Environmental Milieu Time of Administration Pathologic state Genetic Factors Psychological Factors
