Chapter 6: Basic Pharmacology

Question 1

Orphan drugs

Answer 1

The federal government offers incentives to pharmaceutical companies to research drugs for rare diseases. Drugs usually less profitable and hard to manufacture.

Question 2

Drug

Answer 2

Chemical used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease.

Question 3

Pharmacology

Answer 3

The study of drugs and their interactions with the body.

Question 4

What are the four main sources of drugs?

Answer 4

Plants, animals, minerals, and laboratory(synthetic).

Question 5

Drug inserts

Answer 5

Printed fact sheets that drug manufacturers supply with most medications

Question 6

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 6

How a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted; how drugs are transported into and out of the body.

Question 7

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 7

How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects.

Question 8

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Answer 8

Improve the quality and labeling of drugs named the United States Pharmacopeia as the country’s source for drug information.

Question 9

Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914

Answer 9

Limited the indiscriminate use of addicting drugs by regulating the importation, manufacture, sale, and use of opium, cocaine, and their compounds or derivatives.

Question 10

Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938

Answer 10

Empowered the FDA to enforce and set premarket safety standards for drugs.

Question 11

Durham-Humphrey Amendments to the 1938 act

Answer 11

Required pharmacist to have a written or verbal prescription from a physician to dispense certain drugs.

Question 12

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

Answer 12

Repealed and replaced the Harrison Narcotic Act

Question 13

Controlled Substance Act of 1970

Answer 13

Created five schedules of controlled substances, each with its own level of control and record keeping requirements.

Question 14

Assay

Answer 14

Test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory.

Question 15

Bioequivalence

Answer 15

Relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.

Question 16

Bioassay

Answer 16

Test to ascertain a drugs availability in a biological model.

Question 17

What are the six rights in order?

Answer 17

Right Person
Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Time
Right Route
Right Documentation

Question 18

Schedule I Drug

Answer 18

High abuse potential; may lead to severe dependance; no accepted medical indications; used for research, analysis, or instruction only.
Heroin, LSD, mescaline

Question 19

Schedule II Drug

Answer 19

High abuse potential; may lead to severe dependance; Accepted medical indications.
Opium, cocaine, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, methadone, secobarbital

Question 20

Schedule III Drug

Answer 20

Less abuse potential than schedule I and II. May lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence; accepted medial indications
Limited opioid amounts or combined with noncontrolled substances: Vicodin, Tylenol with codeine

Question 21

Schedule IV Drug

Answer 21

Low abuse potential compared to Schedule III; limited psychological and/ or physical dependence; accepted medical indications.

Question 22

Schedule V

Answer 22

Low abuse potential compared to Schedule IV; may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence; accepted medical indications.
Limited amounts of opioids; often for cough or diarrhea.

Question 23

Teratogenic Drug

Answer 23

Medication that may deform or kill the fetus.

Question 24

FDA Pregnancy Category A

Answer 24

Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the fist trimester or later trimesters.

Question 25

FDA Pregnancy Category B

Answer 25

Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
OR
Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester and there is no risk in the last trimester, but animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects

Question 26

FDA Pregnancy Category C

Answer 26

Animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women; however, benefits may be acceptable despite the potential risk.
OR
No adequate animal studies or adequate studies of pregnant women have been done.

Question 27

FDA Pregnancy Category D

Answer 27

Fetal risk had been demonstrated. In certain circumstances, benefits could outweigh the risks.

Question 28

FDA Pregnancy Category X

Answer 28

Fetal risk has been demonstrated. This risk outweighs any possible benefits to the mother. Avoid using in pregnant or potentially pregnant patients.

Question 29

Free Drug Availability

Answer 29

Proportion of drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects.

Question 30

Active Transport

Answer 30

Requires the se of energy to move a substance.

Question 31

Passive Transport

Answer 31

Movement of substance without the use of energy.

Question 32

Carrier-mediated diffusion or Facilitated diffusion

Answer 32

Process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane.

Question 33

Diffusion

Answer 33

Movement of solute in a solution from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 34

Osmosis

Answer 34

Movement of solvent in a lotion from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Question 35

Filtration

Answer 35

Movement of molecule across a membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure.

Question 36

Ionize

Answer 36

To become electrically charged or polar- generally, ionized drugs do not absorb across the cell membranes.

Question 37

Bioavailability

Answer 37

Amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue.

Question 38

Loading dose

Answer 38

Larger concentration of drug required to raise amount of the drug in the system up to therapeutic levels.

Question 39

Maintenance Infusion

Answer 39

Lower concentration, or slower administration rate, to keep drug at therapeutic levels.

Question 40

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 40

Tight junction of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, high lipid-soluble drugs can pass.

Question 41

Placental barrier

Answer 41

Biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules.

Question 42

Metabolism

Answer 42

The body’s breaking down of chemicals into different chemicals.

Question 43

Biotransformation

Answer 43

Special name given to the metabolism of drugs.

Question 44

Prodrug

Answer 44

Medication that is not active when administered, but who’s biotransformation converts it into active metabolites.

Question 45

First-pass effect

Answer 45

The Liver’s partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation.

Question 46

Oxidation

Answer 46

The loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative charge) on the molecule.

Question 47

Hydrolysis

Answer 47

The breakage of alchemical bond by adding water, or by incorporation a hydroxyl (OH-) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (OH+) into the other.

Question 48

What are the four ways that drugs act?

Answer 48

Bind to receptor sites,
Change the physical properties of cells,
Chemically combine with other chemicals
Normal metabolic pathway

Question 49

Receptor

Answer 49

Specialized protein that combines with a drug, resulting in a biochemical effect.

Question 50

Affinity

Answer 50

Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor

Question 51

Efficacy

Answer 51

A drug’s ability to cause the expected response.

Question 52

Second messenger

Answer 52

Chemical that participates in complex cascading retains that eventually cause a drug’s desired effect.

Question 53

Down-regulation

Answer 53

Binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes true number of receptors to decrease.

Question 54

Up-Regulation

Answer 54

A drug causes the formation of more receptors than normal

Question 55

Agonist

Answer 55

Drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response.

Question 56

Antagonist

Answer 56

Dru that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response.

Question 57

Agonist-antagonist (partial agonist)

Answer 57

Drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but block others.

Question 58

Competitive Antagonism

Answer 58

One drug bins to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor.

Question 59

Noncompetitive antagonism

Answer 59

The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from hitting and binding.

Question 60

Irreversible Antagonism

Answer 60

A competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site.

Question 61

Summation

Answer 61

Also known as an addictive effect. The drugs that both have the same effect are given together, analogous to 1+1=2.

Question 62

Synergism

Answer 62

Two drugs that both have the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of the individual responses. Analogous to 1+1=3.

Question 63

Factors Affecting Drug Response

Answer 63

Age
Body Mass
Sex
Environmental Milieu
Time of Administration
Pathologic state
Genetic Factors
Psychological Factors