Chapter 6: Drug Classifications Flashcards
Prototype
Drug that best demonstrates the class’s common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics.
Analgesic
Medication that relieves the sensation of pain
Analgesia
The absence of the sensation of pain
Anesthesia
The absence of all sensation
Adjunct medication
Agent that enhances the effects of other drugs.
Opioid Agonist
Prototype- Morphine
Effectively treats pain
Decreases the sensory neurons’ ability to propagate pain impulses the the spinal cord and brain.
Non-opioid Analgesics
Affect the production of prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase, important neurotransmitters involved in the pain response.
Opioid Antagonists
Prototype- Naloxone (Narcan)
Competitively binds with opioid receptors.
Adjunct Medications
Given to enhance the effects of other drugs.
Opioid Agonist-Antagonists
Prototype- Pentazocine (Talwin)
Decreases pain response and has fewer respiratory depressants and addictive side effects that morphine.
Anesthetic
Medication that induces a loss of sensation to touch or pain.
Neuroleptanesthesia
Anesthesia that combines decreased sensation of pain with amnesia while the patient remains conscious.
Sedation
State of decreased anxiety and inhibitions.
Hypnosis
Instigation of sleep.
Central nervous system stimulant
Methylxanthines
Prototype- Caffeine
Seems to block adenosine receptors.
Psychotherapeutic Medication
Treats mental disfunction
Neuroleptic
Antipsychotic medications
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Common side effect of antipsychotic medications, including muscle tremors, and parkinsonism-like effects
Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA)
Prototype- Imipramine (Tofranil)
Treats Depression
Blockin the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, the extending the duration of their actions.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Prototype-Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Antidepressant
Comparable with TCA but don’t effect dopamine or norepinephrine and don’t block histaminic or cholinergic receptors, and thus avoid negative side effects of TCAs.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Prototype-Phenelzine (Nardil)
Treat depression refractory to TCA’s and SSRIs.
Parkinsons Disease
Anticholinergic
Prototype- Benztropine (Cogentin)
Block Acetylcholine receptors
Cholinergics
Prototype- Bethanechol (Urecholine) Simulate the effects of ACh by directly binding with the cholinergic receptors. SLUDGE Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation Gastric Motility Emesis
Anticholinergics
Prototype- Atropine Block muscarinic receptors Atropine Overdose Effects- Hot as hell Blind as a bat Dry as a bone Red a a beet Mad as a hatter
Ganglionic Blocking Agents
Competitive antagonism with acetylcholine at the nicotinic n receptors in the atomic ganglia.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Prototype- Tubocurarine
Succinylcholine most commonly used
Paralytic
Produces a neuromuscular blockade by binding with the nicotinic m receptors.
Alpha 1
Arteriole Constriction
Vein Constriction
Mydriasis (dilation) of eye
Ejaculation
Alpha 2
Presynaptic terminals inhibition
Beta 1
Increased heart rate Increased heart conductivity Increased automaticity of heart Increased contractility of heart Renin release in kidney
Beta 2
Bronchodilation- Lungs
Dilation- arterioles
Inhibition of contractions- uterus
Tremors- skeletal muscle
Beta 3
Lipolysis of adipose tissue- fat stores
Thermogenesis- skeletal muscle
Dopanminergic
Vasodilation (increased blood flow)- kidney
Adrenergic Receptor Specificity
Norepinephrine
Alpha 1,
Adrenergic Receptor Specificity
Epinephrine
Alpha 1, 2, Beta 1,2
Adrenergic Receptor Specificity
Dobutamine
Beta 1
Adrenergic Receptor Specificity
Dopamine
Beta 1, Dopaminergic
Noncompetitrive long-acting alpha antagonist
Prototype- Phenoxybenzamin (Dibenzyline)
Competitve short-acting antagonist
Prototype- Prazosin (Minipress)
Alph-adrenergic antagonis
Prototype- Prazosin
Skeletal Muscle Relaxant
Prototype- Dantrolene (Dantrium)
Decreases the release of calcium
Sodium Channel Blockers
Prototype- Quinidine
Treate Atrial fibrillation and has anticholinergic properties.
Beta blockers Class II
Prototype- Propranolol
Blocks the effect of B2 receptors
Potassium Channel Blockers (Class III)
Protoype- Bretylium
By block efflux of potassium, bretylium prolongs depolarization and the effective refractory period.
Calcium Channel Blocker (Clas IV)
Prototype- Verapamil
Loop Diuretics
Prototype- Hydrochlorothizaide
Profoundly affect circulating blood volume-decrease blood volume- primary tool in treating left ventricular heart failure.
Beta Adrenergic Antagonist
Prototype- Metropolol (Lopressor)
Centrally Acting Adrenergic Inhibitors
Prototype- Clonidine (Catapres)
Decrease heart rate and contractility
Peripheral Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Agents
Prototype- Reserpine (Serpalan)
Decreases synthesis of norepinephrine
Exposes destroys norepinephrine
Alpha 1 Antagonist
Prototype- Prazosin (Minipress)
Decreases blood pressure by competitively blocking the alpha 1 receptors
Angiotensin-Convertin Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Prototype- Captopril (Capoten)
Causes both systemic and local vasoconstriction
Managing renal and heart failure
Calcium Channel Blocking Agents
Prototype Dihydropyridine- nifedipine (Procardia, Adalat)
Drops blood pressure
Direct Vasodilators
Prototype- Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and after load and thus lowering blood pressure
Cardiac Glycosides
Prototype-Digonxin
For Heart failure and some types of dysrhythmias
Increasing myocardial contractility and cardiac output.
Antiplatelets
Prototype-Asprin
Decrease the formation of platelet plugs.
Anticoagulants
Prototype-Heparin
Enhance antithrombin III’s ability to inhibit the clotting cascade
Fibrinolytics
Prototype- Streptokinase (Streptokinase)
Acts directly on thrombi to break them down; also call thrombolytic.
Antihyperlipidemic
Prototype- Lovastatin
Used to treat high blood cholesterol
Beta 2 Specific Agents
Prototype- Albuterol
Relax bronchial smooth muscle which results in bronchodilation and relief from bronchospasm.
Methylzanthines
Prototype- Theophyllin
Bronchodilation
Anticholinergics
Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
Glucocorticoids
Prototype- Beclomethasone
Lower release of inflammatory substances
Leukotriene Antagonists
Prototype- Zileuton
Treats asthma
H2 Receptor Antagonists
Prototype- Cimetidine
Inhibits gastric acid secretion and helps return balance between protective and aggressive factors.
Stimulant Laxatives
Prototype- Phenolphthalein
Increases water secretion and decrease its absorption.
Osmotic laxatives
Prototype- Magnesium hydroxide
Increase the feces’ osmotic pull
Serotonin Antagonists
Prototype- Ondansetron (Zofran)
treatment of nausea
Dopamine Antagonist
Block dopamine receptors.
Drugs affecting the parathyroid and thyroid glands
Prototype- Levothyroxin (Synthroid)
Thyroid Hormone replacemnt
Antifungal and Antiviral Agents
Prototype- Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
used as analgesics and antipyretics (fever reducers)
