Test 1 Flashcards
criteria for a trait to be adaptive
hereditary/passed down, variation must exist, and increase the fitness-ability to adaptive
What are conservative traits
Traits that do not change over time because they haven’t needed to change
(Ducks courtship dances)
How is population regulated
Starvation, natural disaster, disease
What is a biological rhythm
Inside body telling yourself what to do ( to wake up, eat, etc…) due to environmental factors
Define epicycle
Cycle that is less than 24 hours
Define Circadian cycle
The natural cycle that lasts 24 hours and when our natural rhythms are of rest, energy, and activity
Circannual Cycles
Cycles that happen every year due to a hormonal change in an animal based on the seasons
EX: Seasonal Affective Disorder, Hibernation, Estrous (depending on animal)
Entrainment
when your internal rhythm is off based on the external stimuli
EX: Jetlag
Zetbergers
The environmental factor that fixes entrainment
EX: sun, temperature, tides
Ashoff’s Rule
He said that your cycles adapt to the surroundings the shift away from the 24 hour cycle
Why do animals migrate
Better food, mating, climate
Explain the 2 phases that trigger migration
Preparatory (Fat deposition: slows metabolism to conserve energy and increases fat
Zeugenrue: animal becomes restless in terms of anxiety)
Stimulus
(Photoperiod Stimulus
Climatic Conditions)
Four flyaway in America
Pacific, mississippi, atlantic, central
Navigation
The process by which an animal uses cues to determine its position
EX: using landmarks, or 6 senses
Four components needed to really understand behavior according to niko tinbergen
Evolution, function, development, and causation
Three basic functions of the nervous system
Reaction, integration, sensation
Two sections of the autonomic NS
Parasympathetic (rest/digest)
Sympathetic (fight/flight)
Function of astrocytes (start shaped)
Nutrient transfer
Guiding migration of developing neurons
5 cycle characteristics
frequency, period, amplitude, phase, duration
Nomadic migration
Change of location continuously; usually to follow prey species
T/F: ethology is the study of animal behavior
true
T/F: operant conditioning is the behavior in regard to consequences
true
T/F: Lorenz studied bees
F-Von Frisch
T/F Tiberg studies birds and species specific
F-Lorenz
wallace
came up with the idea of evolution
darwin
proved evolution was true
who were the greats
lorenz, tinbergen, and von frisch
ethograms are…
is a description an documentation of the behavioral patterns under study, a behavioral inventory-tool to study behavior
kin selection is…
proposed by hamilton and is known to be a form of natural selection in which individuals can increase their fitness by helping close relatives, because close relatives share the helper’s genes
altruism is…
(kin selection is used to describe altruism) individual selection can explain cooperation through inclusive fitness
Overall increase in fitness and animal gets by helping itself and others
inclusive fitness
Perception is more important than reality
true
What is the change in allele frequencies in a population over time
evolution
Year the greats won noble prize
1972
Strange act where an animal will put itself in harm’s way in order to help others
altruism
What consists of the neurons and neuroglia that attach to the brain and spinal cord
CNS
What is more abundant that neurons in the body
neuroglia
What is the ways bees communicate where food is outside of the hive
waggle dance
What nervous system contains nerves that connect to the CNS and muscles and organs
PNS
Cells that monitor stimuli during sensation are called
receptors
What are the functional signal conducting cells:
neurons
supporting cells
neuroglia
What Is a type of neuroglia that act as K and Na buffers
astrocytes
Type of neuroglia that acts as a macrophage of the CNS:
microglia
What types of neuroglia in the PNS has no known function
satellite cells
Input region of a neuron:
dendrites or soma
Define lateralization in terms of the brain and 2 hemispheres
Left side of the brain controls right side of body and visa versa as well as their specific functions that are different. That is not 100% so some parts of the right brain also works when moving the right side of the body because if one side of the brain got hurt the other side can compensate. Lateralization balances out the brain
Three kinds of neurons that connect to CNS
Sensory, motor, interneuron
Sympathetic and parasympathetic are a part of the autonomic which is part of the
peripheral
