Evolution Test chp 19-23 Flashcards

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1
Q

Directional selection graph

A

pushes to one extreme OR the other

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2
Q

Stabilizing selection graph

A

pushes the graphs away from the extremes to favor the middle

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3
Q

Disruptive selection graph

A

favors both extremes

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4
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors

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5
Q

shared derived traits

A

the ancestor that is common for all specific organisms a question asks for

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6
Q

Common shared ancestors/shared primitive trait

A

the ancestors at the bottom

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7
Q

sister taxa

A

where two organisms branch from one branch

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8
Q

convergent evolution

A

evolution of organisms that physically look the same based on their environment but they are not related

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9
Q

adaptive radiation

A

when organisms become more diverse based on the resources available
EX: Darwin’s finches-each one’s beak size evolved to the food available on the island

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10
Q

coevolution

A

when two organisms that are not related evolve together

EX: monarch butterfly and milkweed plant

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11
Q

allopatric speciation

A

speciation due to geographic barriers/isolation

So much that if the species were brought together they could not reproduce

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12
Q

homologous structures

A

similar structures in multiple species due to common ancestry
EX: bone structures

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13
Q

vestigial structures

A

features that serve a purpose at one time and are not longer used but still present

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14
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs in the same geographic location

EX: cichlid fish: males choose females based on coloration

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15
Q

analogous structures

A

built different but serve the same purpose

EX: bat wing and a butterfly wing

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16
Q

know different evidence types that prove evolution has taken place

A
Evolutionary change in organisms
Drug resistant bacteria
Homology
Embryonic similarities
Fossil Record
17
Q

bottleneck effect

A

sudden change reduces a population size/random event that wipes out most of the population

18
Q

founder effect

A

a group of organisms are separated from the rest of the population so they start their own population

19
Q

natural selection

A

process where organisms that are most able to survive in that environment can reproduce so their traits are passed on

20
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

having a recessive trait with a dominant trait allows that organism to have an advantage in the population
EX: sickle cell anemia recessive allele is an advantage in high malaria zones

21
Q

sexual selection

A

male or female choosing a mate based on their characteristics or behaviors

22
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

male and female look different

EX: cardinals, peacocks

23
Q

darwin’s finches and how they show natural selection

A

mutations that changed the break size of the birds that allowed them to survive on the type of seed that was present on that island
beaks and behaviors based on their food source
shows adaptations due to characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

24
Q

intrasexual selection

A

males competing with other males

EX: Male Bighorn Sheep

25
Q

intersexual selection

A

one sex chooses the other sex EX: bower bird, peacock

26
Q

know the types of pre zygotic reproduction isolation and examples

A

prezygotic : habitat isolation (different habitats so organisms don’t come in contact with each other), mechanical isolation (can’t fit or come together), temporal isolation (different seasons for mating or different times of the day), gametic isolation (sex cells do not match due to immune system), behavioral isolation (courtship rituals are different)

27
Q

review the case of the apple maggot fly

A

the fly’s original habitat was the native hawthorn tree, but about 200 years ago, some populations colonized apple trees that had been introduced by European settlers. As apples mature quicker than hawthorn fruit, natural selection favored apple-feeding flies with rapid development. These apple feeding populations now show temporal isolation from the hawthorn-feeding apple maggot fly, providing a prezygotic restriction to gene flow between two populations.

28
Q

review the stickleback case

A

Marine populations of the threespine stickleback fish have a set of protective spines on their lower surface; however, these spines have been lost or reduced in some lake populations of this fish which appears to have resulted from a change in the regulation of Pitx1 gene expression, not from a change in the gene’s sequence.

29
Q

gradual evolution

A

species diverge from one another or slow and steadily

30
Q

darwin and his view of evolution

A

Many offspring reproduce-over produce
Competition for resources
Variation of offspring
Natural Selection is going to occur

31
Q

node

A

intersection points

32
Q

internode

A

between two nodes

33
Q

know the types of post zygotic reproduction isolation and examples

A

postzygotic: reduced hybrid viability (hybrids are weak or sickly so they cannot reproduce and never make it to sexual maturity), reduced hybrid fertility (offsprin are sterile), hybrid breakdown (first generation hybrid survive second generation does not)