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Anp Flash Cards > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is tumor suppresor gene

A

Gene that limits cell proliferation

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2
Q

Carcinogenesis steps

A

Mutation, proto oncogene, oncogene expressed BAD protein, contagious cancer?

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3
Q

Karyotype

A

Individual complete set of chromosomes

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4
Q

2 advantages of karyotyping

A

Identify fetus gender and chromosomal anamolies

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5
Q

Stages of meiosis an mitosis

A

Prophase- metaphase- anaphase and telophase occurs twice in meiosis twice in mitosis

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6
Q

Features of phases for meiosis and mitosis

A

Chromosomes condense and the centrosomes begin to form early spindle

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7
Q

Difference of cell mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis produces 2 identical “daughter cells” while meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique and contain half as much dna

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8
Q

G0 phase description

A

The cell is not dividing or preparing to divide

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9
Q

What events occur during the s phase of the cell cycle

A

The dna replication and the duplication of the centriole

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10
Q

What is the purpose of DNA polymerase DNA helicase DNA ligase

A

DNA helicase unwinds the double helix seperatibg the 2 strands so they may be replicated by dna polymerase.dna ligates seals the gaps between the fragments

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11
Q

What are the steps of a protein that is produced or exported

A

Extracellular proteins are exported from the cell by the endoplasmic reticulum, proteins get folded into their correct shapes in the ER

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12
Q

Polyribosome

A

Group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule. Translates mRNA instructions into polypeptides

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13
Q

Name all stop condons

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

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14
Q

Exon and intron

A

Exons are termed nucleic acid coding sequences, which are present in the mRNA. Introns are non coding sequences in the hnRNA which are removed by RNA splicing before translation

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15
Q

Rna polymerase definition and purpose

A

Multi unit enzyme that synthesizes rna molecules from a template of dna through a process called transcription

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16
Q

Kinetochore

A

Complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division, which the microtubules of the spindle attach

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17
Q

What is the start codon for translation

A

AUG Codon

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18
Q

Definition of gene

A

Is a dna sequence that codes for a specific protein

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19
Q

Dna replication is caused by

A

Semiconservative replication

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20
Q

Difference between sister and non sister chromatids

A

Sister chromatids are genetically identical and non sister share similar features but are not identical coming from the homologous chromosome pair

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21
Q

Define chromotin

A

Mixture of dna and proteins that form chromosomes

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22
Q

Define chromosome

A

Chromosomes are found in the nucleus and are made up of dna, tightly coiled around proteins easily observed in during cell division

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23
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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24
Q

How many rings in purine and pyrimidines

A

Purines have 2 rings pyrimidines have one ring

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25
Q

What are the purines and what are the pyrimidines

A

Adenine and cytosine are purines and thymine and uracil are pyrimindines

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26
Q

What holds nitrogenous bases together in double stranded DNA

A

Hydrogen bonds

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27
Q

How many hydrogen bonds bind A-T and G-C

A

2 A-T
3 G-C

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28
Q

Define nucleotide

A

Form basic structural unit of DNA

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29
Q

differences between active and passive transport

A

Active requires ATP, and moves things against concentration gradient. Passive is the opposite

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30
Q

Examples of active and passive transport

A

Active: phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Passive: facilitated diffusion, osmosis

31
Q

Real world example of tonicity

A

Example is salt water fish cant live in fresh water because of the cells tonicity.

Tonicity is important for fluid balance inside the cell

32
Q

Define aqaporin

A

Water channel

33
Q

Define osmosis

A

Solvent molecules moving from high to low through a membrane

34
Q

Factors that affect simple diffusion

A

Temperature
Concentration gradient
Size of molecule
Size of membrane
Density of molecule

35
Q

Function of membrane proteins

A

Enzymic
Transport
Receptors
Identity marker
Cell adhesion

36
Q

2 groups of membrane proteins

A

Peripheral
Integral

37
Q

2 examples of membrane proteins

A

Transferase, sodium channels

38
Q

Difference between cytokinesis and mitosis

A

Mitosis is the whole cell dividing
Cytokines is the division of the cytoplasm

39
Q

A class of chemicals that promote cell division

A

Cytokinins

40
Q

Cell membrane is selectively permeable based on?

A

Size, charge, lipid solubility, channel.

41
Q

Ribosomes can be free or?

A

Membrane bound

42
Q

How much atp is one molecule if glucose

A

30-32

43
Q

What are 2 outcomes of energy

A

Radiant, and mechanical

44
Q

Define activation energy

A

The minimal amount of energy for a specific reaction to occur

45
Q

Features of an enzyme

A

Have specific active sites, increase rate of reaction, type of protein, can be reused

46
Q

2 examples of quaternary level of protein structure

A

Hemoglobin, antibodies

47
Q

2 forms of secondary level protein structure

A

Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

48
Q

What bonds hold tertiary protein structure together

A

Disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, iconic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions

49
Q

What makes steroids

A

Cholesterol

50
Q

What process will join 2 simple sugars forming a disaccharide

A

Dehydration

51
Q

Factors that affect reaction rate

A

Temperature, catalyst, reactant concentration, and surface area

52
Q

Define anabolism

A

The set of metabolic pathways that builds up smaller molecules into bigger molecules

53
Q

Define catabolism

A

Metabolism pathway that breaks down larger molecules into smaller

54
Q

Define energy

A

The capacity to do work

55
Q

If the solution is pH=6 then [H+]=?

A

10^-6

56
Q

Ph of blood

A

7.4

57
Q

Features of water

A

High heat for vaporization, cohesion, surface tension, adhesion

58
Q

Define cation

A

Positively charged ion

59
Q

Define anion

A

Negatively charged ion

60
Q

Key elements for the majority of the human body

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

61
Q

Define peritoneum and its 3 types

A

The lining of the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal
Visceral
Retro

62
Q

Describe positive feedback

A

Occurs to increase the change or output.

63
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Tendency to stay at equilibrium

64
Q

5 parameters of life

A

Homeostasis, reproduction, metabolism, responsiveness, growth and development.

65
Q

Levels of organization

A

Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

66
Q

Difference between growth and differentiation

A

Cell enlargement is growth

Cells becoming more specialized is differentiation

67
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Protection, prevent loss of moisture, preventions from UV rays, sensory, regulate temperature.

68
Q

4 cell types that originate from connective tissue

A

Fibroblast, mast cells, plasma cells, macrophage

69
Q

What is required for tissue repair

A

Fibroblast

70
Q

What causes goosebumps

A

Erector pillo

71
Q

Define gene

A

Sequence of DNA that codes for a gene

72
Q

Events in S phase

A

DNA replication

73
Q

Types of cell connections

A

Gap junctions, and desmozomes

74
Q

Transcription of genetic code takes place in what part of the cell

A

Nucleus

Anp Flash Cards (14 decks)

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