Test 1 Flashcards by Chisom Uneze

What is tumor suppresor gene

Gene that limits cell proliferation

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Carcinogenesis steps

Mutation, proto oncogene, oncogene expressed BAD protein, contagious cancer?

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Karyotype

Individual complete set of chromosomes

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2 advantages of karyotyping

Identify fetus gender and chromosomal anamolies

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Stages of meiosis an mitosis

Prophase- metaphase- anaphase and telophase occurs twice in meiosis twice in mitosis

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Features of phases for meiosis and mitosis

Chromosomes condense and the centrosomes begin to form early spindle

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Difference of cell mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis produces 2 identical “daughter cells” while meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique and contain half as much dna

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G0 phase description

The cell is not dividing or preparing to divide

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What events occur during the s phase of the cell cycle

The dna replication and the duplication of the centriole

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What is the purpose of DNA polymerase DNA helicase DNA ligase

DNA helicase unwinds the double helix seperatibg the 2 strands so they may be replicated by dna polymerase.dna ligates seals the gaps between the fragments

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What are the steps of a protein that is produced or exported

Extracellular proteins are exported from the cell by the endoplasmic reticulum, proteins get folded into their correct shapes in the ER

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Polyribosome

Group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule. Translates mRNA instructions into polypeptides

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Name all stop condons

UAG, UAA, UGA

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Exon and intron

Exons are termed nucleic acid coding sequences, which are present in the mRNA. Introns are non coding sequences in the hnRNA which are removed by RNA splicing before translation

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Rna polymerase definition and purpose

Multi unit enzyme that synthesizes rna molecules from a template of dna through a process called transcription

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Kinetochore

Complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division, which the microtubules of the spindle attach

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What is the start codon for translation

AUG Codon

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Definition of gene

Is a dna sequence that codes for a specific protein

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Dna replication is caused by

Semiconservative replication

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Difference between sister and non sister chromatids

Sister chromatids are genetically identical and non sister share similar features but are not identical coming from the homologous chromosome pair

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Define chromotin

Mixture of dna and proteins that form chromosomes

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Define chromosome

Chromosomes are found in the nucleus and are made up of dna, tightly coiled around proteins easily observed in during cell division

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Nitrogenous bases

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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How many rings in purine and pyrimidines

Purines have 2 rings pyrimidines have one ring

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What are the purines and what are the pyrimidines

Adenine and cytosine are purines and thymine and uracil are pyrimindines

What holds nitrogenous bases together in double stranded DNA

Hydrogen bonds

How many hydrogen bonds bind A-T and G-C

2 A-T 3 G-C

Define nucleotide

Form basic structural unit of DNA

differences between active and passive transport

Active requires ATP, and moves things against concentration gradient. Passive is the opposite

Examples of active and passive transport

Active: phagocytosis, pinocytosis Passive: facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Real world example of tonicity

Example is salt water fish cant live in fresh water because of the cells tonicity. Tonicity is important for fluid balance inside the cell

Define aqaporin

Water channel

Define osmosis

Solvent molecules moving from high to low through a membrane

Factors that affect simple diffusion

Temperature Concentration gradient Size of molecule Size of membrane Density of molecule

Function of membrane proteins

Enzymic Transport Receptors Identity marker Cell adhesion

2 groups of membrane proteins

Peripheral Integral

2 examples of membrane proteins

Transferase, sodium channels

Difference between cytokinesis and mitosis

Mitosis is the whole cell dividing Cytokines is the division of the cytoplasm

A class of chemicals that promote cell division

Cytokinins

Cell membrane is selectively permeable based on?

Size, charge, lipid solubility, channel.

Ribosomes can be free or?

Membrane bound

How much atp is one molecule if glucose

30-32

What are 2 outcomes of energy

Radiant, and mechanical

Define activation energy

The minimal amount of energy for a specific reaction to occur

Features of an enzyme

Have specific active sites, increase rate of reaction, type of protein, can be reused

2 examples of quaternary level of protein structure

Hemoglobin, antibodies

2 forms of secondary level protein structure

Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

What bonds hold tertiary protein structure together

Disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, iconic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions

What makes steroids

Cholesterol

What process will join 2 simple sugars forming a disaccharide

Dehydration

Factors that affect reaction rate

Temperature, catalyst, reactant concentration, and surface area

Define anabolism

The set of metabolic pathways that builds up smaller molecules into bigger molecules

Define catabolism

Metabolism pathway that breaks down larger molecules into smaller

Define energy

The capacity to do work

If the solution is pH=6 then [H+]=?

10^-6

Ph of blood

7.4

Features of water

High heat for vaporization, cohesion, surface tension, adhesion

Define cation

Positively charged ion

Define anion

Negatively charged ion

Key elements for the majority of the human body

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Define peritoneum and its 3 types

The lining of the abdominopelvic cavity Parietal Visceral Retro

Describe positive feedback

Occurs to increase the change or output.

Define homeostasis

Tendency to stay at equilibrium

5 parameters of life

Homeostasis, reproduction, metabolism, responsiveness, growth and development.

Levels of organization

Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

Difference between growth and differentiation

Cell enlargement is growth Cells becoming more specialized is differentiation

Functions of the skin

Protection, prevent loss of moisture, preventions from UV rays, sensory, regulate temperature.

4 cell types that originate from connective tissue

Fibroblast, mast cells, plasma cells, macrophage

What is required for tissue repair

Fibroblast

What causes goosebumps

Erector pillo

Define gene

Sequence of DNA that codes for a gene

Events in S phase

DNA replication

Types of cell connections

Gap junctions, and desmozomes

Transcription of genetic code takes place in what part of the cell

Nucleus