Respiratory Chap Flashcards
How is oxygen obtained from air
Diffusion across exchange surfaces of alveoli
Alveoli
Air-filled pockets where gas exchange occurs
What is in the larynx
Vocal folds, glottis
Cardiac notch
Indentation in left lung where the heart rests
Where is respiratory mucosa found
Conducting portions
Cillia function in respiratory system
Move substances towards pharynx
Alveolar epithelium feature
Delicate simple squamous epithelium
What do filtration mechanisms for respiratory system do
Removes particles and pathogens
Nasal septum
Separates left and right nasal cavities
What is the superior portion of nasal cavity
Olfactory region
What cleans and moistens nasal cavity
Tears and mucous from paranasal sinus
Parts of nasal turbinate
Superior, middle, and inferior nasal turbinate
Nasal conchae function
Turbinate air flow by vibrating the air
Where is trachea
Anterior to esophagus
Glottis
Passageway into trachea
Epiglottis
Flap that allows air into glottis conditionally
Parts of pharynx
Nasopharynx,oropharynx, & laryngopharynx
What is thyroid cartilage made of
Hyaline cartilage
What is cricoid cartilage made of
Hyaline cartilage
What is epiglottis made of
Elastic cartilage
What is tracheal cartilage
C shaped cartilage rings that line trachea
What does tracheal cartilage do
Allow trachea to expand and contract, & prevent it from collapsing
Corniculate & arytenoid cartilage function
Opening and closing of glottis,& production of sound
What increases volume of sound from voice box
If more air goes out
How are sound waves produced by larynx
Air passing through glottis vibrate vocal chords
Where is the carina
Point of branching of primary bronchi
Bronchial tree
A formation consisting of primary bronchi and its branches
Bronchitis
Inflammation if bronchial walls
Asthma
Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction restricting airflow
Surfactant
Oily secretion that coats alveolar surfaces reducing surface tension
Respiratory distress syndrome
Difficult respiration due to alveolar collapse (caused by lack of surfactant)
Pneumonia
Inflammation of alveoli
Where is ACE located
Alveolar capillaries
Pulmonary embolism
Clot in pulmonary vessels
Pulmonary edema
Swelling in pulmonary vessels
Pulmonary ventilation
Interaction of outside air and alveoli
External respiration
Relationship between alveoli & blood
Internal respiration
Relationship between cells and blood
Boyles law
Pressure and volume are inverse
How do we move air through lungs
Volume changes of the lungs, inversely changing the pressure
What causes inspiration
Rib cage elevation, and diaphragm depression
(Increasing volume)
What happens if the pressure outside=pressure inside lungs
No net movement of air
What happens if pressure outside is more than pressure inside lungs
Pressure inside is less so air flows into lungs (inspiration)
What happens if pressure inside is greater than pressure outside
Pressure inside rises causing exhalation
Compliance
Expandability of lungs
Factors that affect compliance
Connective tissues of lungs, surfactant production, mobility of thoracic cage
Conversion of 1 atmospheric pressure to mm per mercury at sea level
1 atm= 760 mm Hg
What happens to atm at higher elevations
Atm will drop
What happens to atm at lower elevations
Atm will increase
What operates the respiratory pump
Respiratory cycle: Cyclical changes of intrapleural pressure
Tidal volume
Amount of air moved in and out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle (at rest)
Pneumothorax
Collection of air in pleural cavity
What does pneumothorax cause
Atelectasis (collapsed lung)
Eupnea
Quiet breathing
Elastic rebound in respiratory system
Elastic components of respiratory system recoil because respiratory muscle relaxation
Respiratory rate
Number of breathes per minute
Anatomic dead space
Volume of air remaining in conducting passages
Alveolar ventilation
Part of respiratory minute volume that reaches alveoli surfaces
Resting tidal volume
Volume in a normal respiratory cycle
Expiratory reserve volume
Volume After a normal exhalation
Residual volume
Volume after maximum exhalation
-minimal exhalation (for collapsed lung)
Inspiratory reserve volume
Volume After normal respiration
What is the total lung capacity estimate
5-6,000 mL
Henry’s law explains?
How gases dissolve in liquids
Dalton’s law
Sum of individual pressure that makes up air
Gases in the atmosphere from greatest to least
N2, O2, H2O, CO2
Partial pressure
Pressure contributed by each gas in the atmosphere
Comparison of O2 and CO2 solubility
O2 is less soluble, and CO2 is very soluble
What is direction of diffusion of gases based on
Partial pressure differences and solubility
What is the partial pressure of o2 and CO2 in pulmonary arteries
Low O2 partial pressure and high CO2 partial pressure
Features of carbon monoxide
Binds to hemoglobin stronger than O2
What does acidosis represent
High Co2 in blood which results in fainting due to high amount of O2 being released
What does alkalosis represent
Higher saturation of O2 in blood
Bohr effect
Hemoglobin’s o2 binding affinity is inversely related to acidity and P(CO2) concentration
Carbonic anhydrase
Enzyme that produces carbonic acid
How is CO2 removed from the body
(70%) Converted to carbonic acid
(25%)Bound to hemoglobin
(1%)Dissolved in plasma
How does peripheral and alveolar capillaries maintain balance during gas exchange
Changes in blood flow and oxygen delivery
Changes in depth and rate of respiration
What happens if oxygen demands rise
Cardiac output and respiratory rate increase via neural stimuli
Respiratory centers of the brain
Pons and medulla oblongata
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
Inspiratory center, eupnea and forced breathing
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Inspiratory and expiratory center, only for forced breathing
Apneustic centers function
Provides continuous stimulation of DRG center
Pneumotaxic centers function
Inhibit apneustic centers promote passive or active breathing
Sudden infant death syndrome
Issue with respiratory control centers. Disruption of respiratory reflex patterns.
What do proprioreceptors do in the lungs
Respond to changes in lung volume
Function of pleural cavity
Keeps the lungs inflated because of its negative pressure
-like a suction
Partial pressure of O2 at sea level
160 mm Hg
Hyperpnea
Forced breathing
Hypercapnia
Rise in blood CO2 levels
Trans pulmonary pressure
Pressure difference between intrapleural pressure and intrapulmonary pressure
Function of Transpulmonary pressure
Keeps lungs spaces open for air conduction
-prevent collapse
Emphysema
Problem with alveolar walls break down reducing surface area
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure exerted by surrounding air
Nitrogen narcosis
Nitrogen comes out of blood causing destruction of blood vessels, potentially causing brain damage
Cause of rapture of the deep
Drastic altitude changes
Oxygen transport
1%- dissolved in plasma
99%- bound to hemoglobin
Apnea
Breathing cessation
Hypocapnia
Low blood CO2 levels
Acclimatization
Respiratory and hematopoietic long-term adjustment to high altitude
Sleep apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep.
What treats sleep apnea
CPAP machine
