Respiratory Chap Flashcards
1
Q
How is oxygen obtained from air
A
Diffusion across exchange surfaces of alveoli
2
Q
Alveoli
A
Air-filled pockets where gas exchange occurs
3
Q
What is in the larynx
A
Vocal folds, glottis
4
Q
Cardiac notch
A
Indentation in left lung where the heart rests
5
Q
Where is respiratory mucosa found
A
Conducting portions
6
Q
Cillia function in respiratory system
A
Move substances towards pharynx
7
Q
Alveolar epithelium feature
A
Delicate simple squamous epithelium
8
Q
What do filtration mechanisms for respiratory system do
A
Removes particles and pathogens
9
Q
Nasal septum
A
Separates left and right nasal cavities
10
Q
What is the superior portion of nasal cavity
A
Olfactory region
11
Q
What cleans and moistens nasal cavity
A
Tears and mucous from paranasal sinus
12
Q
Parts of nasal turbinate
A
Superior, middle, and inferior nasal turbinate
13
Q
Nasal conchae function
A
Turbinate air flow by vibrating the air
14
Q
Where is trachea
A
Anterior to esophagus
15
Q
Glottis
A
Passageway into trachea
16
Q
Epiglottis
A
Flap that allows air into glottis conditionally
17
Q
Parts of pharynx
A
Nasopharynx,oropharynx, & laryngopharynx
18
Q
What is thyroid cartilage made of
A
Hyaline cartilage
19
Q
What is cricoid cartilage made of
A
Hyaline cartilage
20
Q
What is epiglottis made of
A
Elastic cartilage
21
Q
What is tracheal cartilage
A
C shaped cartilage rings that line trachea
22
Q
What does tracheal cartilage do
A
Allow trachea to expand and contract, & prevent it from collapsing
23
Q
Corniculate & arytenoid cartilage function
A
Opening and closing of glottis,& production of sound
24
Q
What increases volume of sound from voice box
A
If more air goes out
25
How are sound waves produced by larynx
Air passing through glottis vibrate vocal chords
26
Where is the carina
Point of branching of primary bronchi
27
Bronchial tree
A formation consisting of primary bronchi and its branches
28
Bronchitis
Inflammation if bronchial walls
29
Asthma
Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction restricting airflow
30
Surfactant
Oily secretion that coats alveolar surfaces reducing surface tension
31
Respiratory distress syndrome
Difficult respiration due to alveolar collapse (caused by lack of surfactant)
32
Pneumonia
Inflammation of alveoli
33
Where is ACE located
Alveolar capillaries
34
Pulmonary embolism
Clot in pulmonary vessels
35
Pulmonary edema
Swelling in pulmonary vessels
36
Pulmonary ventilation
Interaction of outside air and alveoli
37
External respiration
Relationship between alveoli & blood
38
Internal respiration
Relationship between cells and blood
39
Boyles law
Pressure and volume are inverse
40
How do we move air through lungs
Volume changes of the lungs, inversely changing the pressure
41
What causes inspiration
Rib cage elevation, and diaphragm depression
(Increasing volume)
42
What happens if the pressure outside=pressure inside lungs
No net movement of air
43
What happens if pressure outside is more than pressure inside lungs
Pressure inside is less so air flows into lungs (inspiration)
44
What happens if pressure inside is greater than pressure outside
Pressure inside rises causing exhalation
45
Compliance
Expandability of lungs
46
Factors that affect compliance
Connective tissues of lungs, surfactant production, mobility of thoracic cage
47
Conversion of 1 atmospheric pressure to mm per mercury at sea level
1 atm= 760 mm Hg
48
What happens to atm at higher elevations
Atm will drop
49
What happens to atm at lower elevations
Atm will increase
50
What operates the respiratory pump
Respiratory cycle: Cyclical changes of intrapleural pressure
51
Tidal volume
Amount of air moved in and out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle (at rest)
52
Pneumothorax
Collection of air in pleural cavity
53
What does pneumothorax cause
Atelectasis (collapsed lung)
54
Eupnea
Quiet breathing
55
Elastic rebound in respiratory system
Elastic components of respiratory system recoil because respiratory muscle relaxation
56
Respiratory rate
Number of breathes per minute
57
Anatomic dead space
Volume of air remaining in conducting passages
58
Alveolar ventilation
Part of respiratory minute volume that reaches alveoli surfaces
59
Resting tidal volume
Volume in a normal respiratory cycle
60
Expiratory reserve volume
Volume After a normal exhalation
61
Residual volume
Volume after maximum exhalation
-minimal exhalation (for collapsed lung)
62
Inspiratory reserve volume
Volume After normal respiration
63
What is the total lung capacity estimate
5-6,000 mL
64
Henry’s law explains?
How gases dissolve in liquids
65
Dalton’s law
Sum of individual pressure that makes up air
66
Gases in the atmosphere from greatest to least
N2, O2, H2O, CO2
67
Partial pressure
Pressure contributed by each gas in the atmosphere
68
Comparison of O2 and CO2 solubility
O2 is less soluble, and CO2 is very soluble
69
What is direction of diffusion of gases based on
Partial pressure differences and solubility
70
What is the partial pressure of o2 and CO2 in pulmonary arteries
Low O2 partial pressure and high CO2 partial pressure
71
Features of carbon monoxide
Binds to hemoglobin stronger than O2
72
What does acidosis represent
High Co2 in blood which results in fainting due to high amount of O2 being released
73
What does alkalosis represent
Higher saturation of O2 in blood
74
Bohr effect
Hemoglobin’s o2 binding affinity is inversely related to acidity and P(CO2) concentration
75
Carbonic anhydrase
Enzyme that produces carbonic acid
76
How is CO2 removed from the body
(70%) Converted to carbonic acid
(25%)Bound to hemoglobin
(1%)Dissolved in plasma
77
How does peripheral and alveolar capillaries maintain balance during gas exchange
Changes in blood flow and oxygen delivery
Changes in depth and rate of respiration
78
What happens if oxygen demands rise
Cardiac output and respiratory rate increase via neural stimuli
79
Respiratory centers of the brain
Pons and medulla oblongata
80
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
Inspiratory center, eupnea and forced breathing
81
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Inspiratory and expiratory center, only for forced breathing
82
Apneustic centers function
Provides continuous stimulation of DRG center
83
Pneumotaxic centers function
Inhibit apneustic centers promote passive or active breathing
84
Sudden infant death syndrome
Issue with respiratory control centers. Disruption of respiratory reflex patterns.
85
What do proprioreceptors do in the lungs
Respond to changes in lung volume
86
Function of pleural cavity
Keeps the lungs inflated because of its negative pressure
-like a suction
87
Partial pressure of O2 at sea level
160 mm Hg
88
Hyperpnea
Forced breathing
89
Hypercapnia
Rise in blood CO2 levels
90
Trans pulmonary pressure
Pressure difference between intrapleural pressure and intrapulmonary pressure
91
Function of Transpulmonary pressure
Keeps lungs spaces open for air conduction
-prevent collapse
92
Emphysema
Problem with alveolar walls break down reducing surface area
93
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure exerted by surrounding air
94
Nitrogen narcosis
Nitrogen comes out of blood causing destruction of blood vessels, potentially causing brain damage
95
Cause of rapture of the deep
Drastic altitude changes
96
Oxygen transport
1%- dissolved in plasma
99%- bound to hemoglobin
97
Apnea
Breathing cessation
98
Hypocapnia
Low blood CO2 levels
99
Acclimatization
Respiratory and hematopoietic long-term adjustment to high altitude
100
Sleep apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep.
101
What treats sleep apnea
CPAP machine
