Term 1 --> Theories/Studies/Models Flashcards
Field et al. (Attachment)
Mirroring expression –> at 12 hours old baby will reciprocate expression (born learning)
John Bowlby (Attachment)
Attachment Theory and Stages of Attachment (including stranger anxiety)
- 0-2 months –> Pre-Attachment
- 2-7 months –> Attachment in making
- 7-24 months –> Clear-cut attachment
- 24 months+ –> Goal-corrected partnership
Ainsworth (Attachment)
The Strange Situation
Harlow & Harlow (Attachment)
Monkey experiment
Minnesota longitudinal experiment (Attachment)
Insecure infants/poverty are more reliant on teachers and more socially isolated or easily frustrated
Hyde - Gender Similarity Hypothesis (Sex and Gender)
Males and females similar in most psychological aspects
Bandura - Social Learning Theory (Sex and Gender)
Child gets punished for imitating opposite sex like behaviours but rewarded for imitating same sex like behaviours
Piaget - Development Theory (Sex and Gender)
Start off with a gender identity that causes the child to adopt behaviours associated with it
Piaget - Theory of Cognitive Development (Cognition and Intelligence)
Stages of development –> focusing on how children think rather than what they know
- 0-2 years: sensorimotor
- 2-7 years: pre-operational
- 7-11 years: concrete operational
- 11+ years: formal operational
Rovee-Collier et al. (Cognition and Intelligence)
Mobile experiment –> baby learns to kick foot to ring mobile above crib. How long they remember depends on age
Wechsler (Cognition and Intelligence)
Wechsler adult intelligence scale
Gardner (Cognition and Intelligence)
Multiple intelligences (including emotional intelligence)
What are the 2 theories of language acquisition?
- Skinner
2. Chomsky
What was Skinner’s theory of language acquisition?
Language is learnt through imitation and reinforcement (social interaction)
What was Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition?
Brain is pre-wired for language (universal grammar and innate shared linguistic principles)
What was the ‘Critical Period’ hypothesis? Who came up with it? (Language)
Lenneberg –> brain is sponge for language before age 12 but difficult to learn after this
What replaced the ‘Critical Period’ hypothesis? (Language)
‘Sensitive Period’ hypothesis:
- Under 12: bilingual
- 15-20: head injury –> no permanent loss of language
- 20+: permanent loss of language
Who came up with the 3 styles of parenting?
Baumrind
What were Baumrind’s 3 styles of parenting?
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
- Permissive
Who further categorised Baumrind’s styles of parenting?
Maccoby and Martin
What were Maccoby and Martin’s parenting styles based on?
Responsiveness and demandingness
- Unresponsive and demanding –> Authoritarian
- Responsive and demanding –> Authoritative
- Responsive and undemanding –> Permissive
- Unresponsive and undemanding –> Uninvolved
Who’s study supported the authoritative style of parenting?
Steinberg –> children more socially competent and academically capable
Who came up with the idea of sociometric status? (Parenting)
Coie
Who came up with the ‘Doors of Perception’ theory?
Huxley
What is the ‘Door of Perception’ theory?
Brain and NS protect us from overwhelming amounts of info by filtering out unnecessary/irrelevant info and keeping practical info (brain closes on info)
What are the 2 directions of processing? (Perception)
- Top-down
2. Bottom-up
What is ‘Gestalt’ perception?
- Seeking meaningful groups in mass of info
- Object viewed individually has different characteristics than when viewed as whole
What was Rosenhan’s study? (Perception)
Fake patients diagnosed with schizophrenia –> proof takes time to realise sane from insane
What is an assumptive world? (Perception)?
- Recovery from blindness
- Past touch experience
- Difficulty interpreting 3D, faces and expressions
What was Mike May’s study? (Perception)
Recovery from blindness by making sense of what he had touched
Who came up with ‘The Hard Problem’? (Consciousness)
Chalmers
What is ‘The Hard Problem’?
Tries to understand why different physical processes lead to different subjective experiences in people
(Physical processes give rise to subjective experiences)
Who studied hypnosis as a form of pain relief? (Consciousness)
Motton
What are the 2 views of hypnosis? (Consciousness)
- Altered consciousness
2. Period of focused attention
What are the 2 forms of meditation? (Consciousness)
- Concentrative meditation (one-point)
2. Open meditation
What is the Stroop Effect? (Consciousness)
Tendency to say word instead of colour of ink (thought suppression)
What are the ‘Ironic Processes of Mental Control’? (Consciousness)
Theory that accounts for intentional and counter intentional effects that results from efforts at control over mental states
- Operating Process
- Monitoring Process
Who came up with the ‘Ironic Processes of Mental Control’? (Consciousness)
Wegner
What is the operating process of the ‘Ironic Processes of Mental Control’? (Consciousness)
Searches for mental contents to create desired mental state
Effortful, conscious, interruptible
What is the monitoring process of the ‘Ironic Processes of Mental Control’? (Consciousness)
Searches for mental contents inconsistent with intended state (signal failure of mental control). Tests whether operational process is needed.
Automatic, unconscious, uninterruptible
What was the Bunker Study and who was it by? (Sleep)
Wever
Took away light and dark. Discovered circadian rhythm is 25 hours not 24
What was Randy Gardner’s study? (Sleep)
Effects of Sleep Deprivation
- 11 days (264 hours) without sleep
- Only regained 24% of it
- Slept extra 6.75 hours first night, then 4, then 2.5
What is the ‘Social Learning Theory’
People learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation.
Who came up with the ‘Social Learning Theory’?
Bandura
What is the ‘Behaviourist Theory’?
Behaviorism is a learning theory that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts any independent activities of the mind. Behavior theorists define learning as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior based on environmental conditions
What are the negatives of the ‘Behaviourist Theory’?
- Behaviorism does not account for all kinds of learning, since it disregards the activities of the mind.
- Behaviorism does not explain some learning–such as the recognition of new language patterns by young children–for which there is no reinforcement mechanism.
