Term 1 --> Theories/Studies/Models

Question 1

Field et al. (Attachment)

Answer 1

Mirroring expression –> at 12 hours old baby will reciprocate expression (born learning)

Question 2

John Bowlby (Attachment)

Answer 2

Attachment Theory and Stages of Attachment (including stranger anxiety)

1. 0-2 months –> Pre-Attachment
2. 2-7 months –> Attachment in making
3. 7-24 months –> Clear-cut attachment
4. 24 months+ –> Goal-corrected partnership

Question 3

Ainsworth (Attachment)

Answer 3

The Strange Situation

Question 4

Harlow & Harlow (Attachment)

Answer 4

Monkey experiment

Question 5

Minnesota longitudinal experiment (Attachment)

Answer 5

Insecure infants/poverty are more reliant on teachers and more socially isolated or easily frustrated

Question 6

Hyde - Gender Similarity Hypothesis (Sex and Gender)

Answer 6

Males and females similar in most psychological aspects

Question 7

Bandura - Social Learning Theory (Sex and Gender)

Answer 7

Child gets punished for imitating opposite sex like behaviours but rewarded for imitating same sex like behaviours

Question 8

Piaget - Development Theory (Sex and Gender)

Answer 8

Start off with a gender identity that causes the child to adopt behaviours associated with it

Question 9

Piaget - Theory of Cognitive Development (Cognition and Intelligence)

Answer 9

Stages of development –> focusing on how children think rather than what they know

1. 0-2 years: sensorimotor
2. 2-7 years: pre-operational
3. 7-11 years: concrete operational
4. 11+ years: formal operational

Question 10

Rovee-Collier et al. (Cognition and Intelligence)

Answer 10

Mobile experiment –> baby learns to kick foot to ring mobile above crib. How long they remember depends on age

Question 11

Wechsler (Cognition and Intelligence)

Answer 11

Wechsler adult intelligence scale

Question 12

Gardner (Cognition and Intelligence)

Answer 12

Multiple intelligences (including emotional intelligence)

Question 13

What are the 2 theories of language acquisition?

Answer 13

1. Skinner

2. Chomsky

Question 14

What was Skinner’s theory of language acquisition?

Answer 14

Language is learnt through imitation and reinforcement (social interaction)

Question 15

What was Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition?

Answer 15

Brain is pre-wired for language (universal grammar and innate shared linguistic principles)

Question 16

What was the ‘Critical Period’ hypothesis? Who came up with it? (Language)

Answer 16

Lenneberg –> brain is sponge for language before age 12 but difficult to learn after this

Question 17

What replaced the ‘Critical Period’ hypothesis? (Language)

Answer 17

‘Sensitive Period’ hypothesis:

• Under 12: bilingual
• 15-20: head injury –> no permanent loss of language
• 20+: permanent loss of language

Question 18

Who came up with the 3 styles of parenting?

Answer 18

Baumrind

Question 19

What were Baumrind’s 3 styles of parenting?

Answer 19

1. Authoritarian
2. Authoritative
3. Permissive

Question 20

Who further categorised Baumrind’s styles of parenting?

Answer 20

Maccoby and Martin

Question 21

What were Maccoby and Martin’s parenting styles based on?

Answer 21

Responsiveness and demandingness

1. Unresponsive and demanding –> Authoritarian
2. Responsive and demanding –> Authoritative
3. Responsive and undemanding –> Permissive
4. Unresponsive and undemanding –> Uninvolved

Question 22

Who’s study supported the authoritative style of parenting?

Answer 22

Steinberg –> children more socially competent and academically capable

Question 23

Who came up with the idea of sociometric status? (Parenting)

Answer 23

Coie

Question 24

Who came up with the ‘Doors of Perception’ theory?

Answer 24

Huxley

Question 25

What is the 'Door of Perception' theory?

Answer 25

Brain and NS protect us from overwhelming amounts of info by filtering out unnecessary/irrelevant info and keeping practical info (brain closes on info)

Question 26

What are the 2 directions of processing? (Perception)

Answer 26

1. Top-down | 2. Bottom-up

Question 27

What is 'Gestalt' perception?

Answer 27

- Seeking meaningful groups in mass of info | - Object viewed individually has different characteristics than when viewed as whole

Question 28

What was Rosenhan's study? (Perception)

Answer 28

Fake patients diagnosed with schizophrenia --> proof takes time to realise sane from insane

Question 29

What is an assumptive world? (Perception)?

Answer 29

- Recovery from blindness - Past touch experience - Difficulty interpreting 3D, faces and expressions

Question 30

What was Mike May's study? (Perception)

Answer 30

Recovery from blindness by making sense of what he had touched

Question 31

Who came up with 'The Hard Problem'? (Consciousness)

Answer 31

Chalmers

Question 32

What is 'The Hard Problem'?

Answer 32

Tries to understand why different physical processes lead to different subjective experiences in people (Physical processes give rise to subjective experiences)

Question 33

Who studied hypnosis as a form of pain relief? (Consciousness)

Answer 33

Motton

Question 34

What are the 2 views of hypnosis? (Consciousness)

Answer 34

1. Altered consciousness | 2. Period of focused attention

Question 35

What are the 2 forms of meditation? (Consciousness)

Answer 35

1. Concentrative meditation (one-point) | 2. Open meditation

Question 36

What is the Stroop Effect? (Consciousness)

Answer 36

Tendency to say word instead of colour of ink (thought suppression)

Question 37

What are the 'Ironic Processes of Mental Control'? (Consciousness)

Answer 37

Theory that accounts for intentional and counter intentional effects that results from efforts at control over mental states 1. Operating Process 2. Monitoring Process

Question 38

Who came up with the 'Ironic Processes of Mental Control'? (Consciousness)

Answer 38

Wegner

Question 39

What is the operating process of the 'Ironic Processes of Mental Control'? (Consciousness)

Answer 39

Searches for mental contents to create desired mental state Effortful, conscious, interruptible

Question 40

What is the monitoring process of the 'Ironic Processes of Mental Control'? (Consciousness)

Answer 40

Searches for mental contents inconsistent with intended state (signal failure of mental control). Tests whether operational process is needed. Automatic, unconscious, uninterruptible

Question 41

What was the Bunker Study and who was it by? (Sleep)

Answer 41

Wever Took away light and dark. Discovered circadian rhythm is 25 hours not 24

Question 42

What was Randy Gardner's study? (Sleep)

Answer 42

Effects of Sleep Deprivation - 11 days (264 hours) without sleep - Only regained 24% of it - Slept extra 6.75 hours first night, then 4, then 2.5

Question 43

What is the 'Social Learning Theory'

Answer 43

People learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation.

Question 44

Who came up with the 'Social Learning Theory'?

Answer 44

Bandura

Question 45

What is the 'Behaviourist Theory'?

Answer 45

Behaviorism is a learning theory that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts any independent activities of the mind. Behavior theorists define learning as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior based on environmental conditions

Question 46

What are the negatives of the 'Behaviourist Theory'?

Answer 46

- Behaviorism does not account for all kinds of learning, since it disregards the activities of the mind. - Behaviorism does not explain some learning–such as the recognition of new language patterns by young children–for which there is no reinforcement mechanism.