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Yr 1 - I&P > Term 1 --> Theories/Studies/Models > Flashcards

Term 1 --> Theories/Studies/Models Flashcards

1
Q

Field et al. (Attachment)

A

Mirroring expression –> at 12 hours old baby will reciprocate expression (born learning)

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2
Q

John Bowlby (Attachment)

A

Attachment Theory and Stages of Attachment (including stranger anxiety)

  1. 0-2 months –> Pre-Attachment
  2. 2-7 months –> Attachment in making
  3. 7-24 months –> Clear-cut attachment
  4. 24 months+ –> Goal-corrected partnership
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3
Q

Ainsworth (Attachment)

A

The Strange Situation

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4
Q

Harlow & Harlow (Attachment)

A

Monkey experiment

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5
Q

Minnesota longitudinal experiment (Attachment)

A

Insecure infants/poverty are more reliant on teachers and more socially isolated or easily frustrated

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6
Q

Hyde - Gender Similarity Hypothesis (Sex and Gender)

A

Males and females similar in most psychological aspects

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7
Q

Bandura - Social Learning Theory (Sex and Gender)

A

Child gets punished for imitating opposite sex like behaviours but rewarded for imitating same sex like behaviours

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8
Q

Piaget - Development Theory (Sex and Gender)

A

Start off with a gender identity that causes the child to adopt behaviours associated with it

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9
Q

Piaget - Theory of Cognitive Development (Cognition and Intelligence)

A

Stages of development –> focusing on how children think rather than what they know

  1. 0-2 years: sensorimotor
  2. 2-7 years: pre-operational
  3. 7-11 years: concrete operational
  4. 11+ years: formal operational
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10
Q

Rovee-Collier et al. (Cognition and Intelligence)

A

Mobile experiment –> baby learns to kick foot to ring mobile above crib. How long they remember depends on age

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11
Q

Wechsler (Cognition and Intelligence)

A

Wechsler adult intelligence scale

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12
Q

Gardner (Cognition and Intelligence)

A

Multiple intelligences (including emotional intelligence)

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13
Q

What are the 2 theories of language acquisition?

A
  1. Skinner

2. Chomsky

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14
Q

What was Skinner’s theory of language acquisition?

A

Language is learnt through imitation and reinforcement (social interaction)

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15
Q

What was Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition?

A

Brain is pre-wired for language (universal grammar and innate shared linguistic principles)

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16
Q

What was the ‘Critical Period’ hypothesis? Who came up with it? (Language)

A

Lenneberg –> brain is sponge for language before age 12 but difficult to learn after this

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17
Q

What replaced the ‘Critical Period’ hypothesis? (Language)

A

‘Sensitive Period’ hypothesis:

  • Under 12: bilingual
  • 15-20: head injury –> no permanent loss of language
  • 20+: permanent loss of language
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18
Q

Who came up with the 3 styles of parenting?

A

Baumrind

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19
Q

What were Baumrind’s 3 styles of parenting?

A
  1. Authoritarian
  2. Authoritative
  3. Permissive
20
Q

Who further categorised Baumrind’s styles of parenting?

A

Maccoby and Martin

21
Q

What were Maccoby and Martin’s parenting styles based on?

A

Responsiveness and demandingness

  1. Unresponsive and demanding –> Authoritarian
  2. Responsive and demanding –> Authoritative
  3. Responsive and undemanding –> Permissive
  4. Unresponsive and undemanding –> Uninvolved
22
Q

Who’s study supported the authoritative style of parenting?

A

Steinberg –> children more socially competent and academically capable

23
Q

Who came up with the idea of sociometric status? (Parenting)

A

Coie

24
Q

Who came up with the ‘Doors of Perception’ theory?

A

Huxley

25
Q

What is the ‘Door of Perception’ theory?

A

Brain and NS protect us from overwhelming amounts of info by filtering out unnecessary/irrelevant info and keeping practical info (brain closes on info)

26
Q

What are the 2 directions of processing? (Perception)

A
  1. Top-down

2. Bottom-up

27
Q

What is ‘Gestalt’ perception?

A
  • Seeking meaningful groups in mass of info

- Object viewed individually has different characteristics than when viewed as whole

28
Q

What was Rosenhan’s study? (Perception)

A

Fake patients diagnosed with schizophrenia –> proof takes time to realise sane from insane

29
Q

What is an assumptive world? (Perception)?

A
  • Recovery from blindness
  • Past touch experience
  • Difficulty interpreting 3D, faces and expressions
30
Q

What was Mike May’s study? (Perception)

A

Recovery from blindness by making sense of what he had touched

31
Q

Who came up with ‘The Hard Problem’? (Consciousness)

A

Chalmers

32
Q

What is ‘The Hard Problem’?

A

Tries to understand why different physical processes lead to different subjective experiences in people

(Physical processes give rise to subjective experiences)

33
Q

Who studied hypnosis as a form of pain relief? (Consciousness)

A

Motton

34
Q

What are the 2 views of hypnosis? (Consciousness)

A
  1. Altered consciousness

2. Period of focused attention

35
Q

What are the 2 forms of meditation? (Consciousness)

A
  1. Concentrative meditation (one-point)

2. Open meditation

36
Q

What is the Stroop Effect? (Consciousness)

A

Tendency to say word instead of colour of ink (thought suppression)

37
Q

What are the ‘Ironic Processes of Mental Control’? (Consciousness)

A

Theory that accounts for intentional and counter intentional effects that results from efforts at control over mental states

  1. Operating Process
  2. Monitoring Process
38
Q

Who came up with the ‘Ironic Processes of Mental Control’? (Consciousness)

A

Wegner

39
Q

What is the operating process of the ‘Ironic Processes of Mental Control’? (Consciousness)

A

Searches for mental contents to create desired mental state

Effortful, conscious, interruptible

40
Q

What is the monitoring process of the ‘Ironic Processes of Mental Control’? (Consciousness)

A

Searches for mental contents inconsistent with intended state (signal failure of mental control). Tests whether operational process is needed.

Automatic, unconscious, uninterruptible

41
Q

What was the Bunker Study and who was it by? (Sleep)

A

Wever

Took away light and dark. Discovered circadian rhythm is 25 hours not 24

42
Q

What was Randy Gardner’s study? (Sleep)

A

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

  • 11 days (264 hours) without sleep
  • Only regained 24% of it
  • Slept extra 6.75 hours first night, then 4, then 2.5
43
Q

What is the ‘Social Learning Theory’

A

People learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation.

44
Q

Who came up with the ‘Social Learning Theory’?

A

Bandura

45
Q

What is the ‘Behaviourist Theory’?

A

Behaviorism is a learning theory that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts any independent activities of the mind. Behavior theorists define learning as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior based on environmental conditions

46
Q

What are the negatives of the ‘Behaviourist Theory’?

A
  • Behaviorism does not account for all kinds of learning, since it disregards the activities of the mind.
  • Behaviorism does not explain some learning–such as the recognition of new language patterns by young children–for which there is no reinforcement mechanism.

Yr 1 - I&P (26 decks)

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