3 - Cognition and Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognition?

A

Mental process by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used

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2
Q

What was Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world. He disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment.

How children think rather than what they may know

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3
Q

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development (Piaget)?

A
  1. 0-2 years: sensorimotor
  2. 2-7 years: pre-operational
  3. 7-11 years: concrete operational
  4. 11+ years: formal operational
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4
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A
  • 6 substages
  • Object permanence
  • Develop memory systems around 8 months
  • Self-recognition around 18 months
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5
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be perceived

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6
Q

What is the pre-operational stage?

A
  • Egocentrism - can’t see others perspectives
  • Theory of mind around 4-5 years
  • Conservation of mass
  • Centration
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7
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

4-5 years –> learn about other’s emotional states and allows social development

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8
Q

What happens if there is no theory of mind?

A

Autism

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9
Q

What is concrete operational stage?

A
  • Operational thought is reversible (can pour water into any size glass and know volume is same)
  • Direct sensory access (think of real and imaginable things)
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10
Q

What is the formal operational stage?

A

Systematic thinking, consider alternatives, plan ahead

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11
Q

What is centration?

A

Thoughts centred around 1 idea at a time

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12
Q

Who came up with the 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

Jean Piaget

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13
Q

What is IQ influenced by?

A

Genetics, social/racial differences, environment, culture

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14
Q

What are the uses of IQ tests?

A

o Identifying educational needs
o Assessment following neurological trauma, learning disability, cognitive impairment
o Predicting school performance & job success

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15
Q

What are the limitations of IQ tests?

A

o Is IQ stable?

o Does not measure underlying competence or ‘world skills’

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16
Q

What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?

A

Measures intelligence and cognitive ability in adults/older adolescents

14 tests, 2 categories
Verbal and performance IQ

17
Q

What is IQ?

A

(Mental age/chronological age) x100

18
Q

What are new approaches to IQ?

A

Emotional intelligence

19
Q

What is cerebral lateralisation?

A

Different side of brain for different things

20
Q

What is left side of brain used for?

A

Complex language, logic, math

21
Q

What is right brain used for?

A

Simple language, spatial and pattern abilities, emotions

22
Q

What is split-brain?

A

Left brain sees right eye and right brain sees left eye. Right and left working separately

If left eye sees image (right brain), can draw what it is (right brain) but mouth says what the right eye sees (left brain), which may be nothing.

23
Q

What are chimeric faces?

A

Different expression on both sides. Split brain respond to both differently with words (left brain) or actions (right brain).

24
Q

What are schemas?

A

Theories of how the physical and social world operate. System of organising and perceiving new information into categories, etc.

25
Q

Who’s theory was it that children use series of schemata to understand the world?

A

Piaget

26
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Eg. New type of dog is seen. Assimilation = fitting it into existing dog schema.

27
Q

What is accommodation?

A

New information that doesn’t fit into a schema is commonly ignored. If it can’t be ignored, accommodation –> modifying schema to fit new info

E.g. dog behaves strangely and unexpectedly for a dog, so the schema is modified so the individual now knows that dogs can behave in this way.

28
Q

What is operation?

A

Mentally considering info in a logical manner (pre-operational, concrete, formal)

29
Q

What is conservation?

A

Understand that amount is unrelated to appearance (clay experiment, volume of liquids)

30
Q

Who proposed the idea of multiple intelligences (also emotional intelligence)

A

Gardner

31
Q

What is comissurotomy?

A

Split brain operations, often used for epilepsy treatment

32
Q

When do kids develop self-recognition?

A

Around 18 months

33
Q

What stage of cognitive development does the theory of mind develop?

A

4-5 years so in ‘pre-operational’