1 - Introducing Child Development

Question 1

What is the attachment theory?

Answer 1

A psychological model - how early experiences as child influences adult relationships

Question 2

Who came up with the theory of attachment?

Answer 2

John Bowlby

Question 3

Who classified age 18-25 as an emerging adult?

Answer 3

Jeffery Arnett

Question 4

What occurs during this 18-25 period as suggested by Arnett?

Answer 4

Adolescents become more independent and explore various life possibilities

Argues that this developmental period can be isolated from adolescence and young adulthood

Question 5

What are the types of attachment?

Answer 5

Secure, insecure (avoidant and resistant), disorganised

Question 6

What is secure attachment?

Answer 6

1. Positive internal working models
   - Child’s self view
   - Self in relation to others
   - Social competence, especially with peers
2. Emotion regulation ability
   - Expression and recognition skills
   - Avoiding anxiety, dealing with stress

Question 7

What are the stages in attachment development?

Answer 7

0-2 months: Pre-attachment
2-7 months: Attachment in the making
7-24 months: Clear-cut attachment
24 months+: Goal-corrected partnership

Question 8

Who came up with the stages in attachment?

Answer 8

John Bowlby

Question 9

When does stranger anxiety develop?

Answer 9

Around 10 months

Question 10

When does separation distress occur?

Answer 10

Around 12 months

Question 11

What are the functions of attachment?

Answer 11

Exploration
Autonomy
Identity
Trust

Question 12

Who studied monkeys to investigate child development?

Answer 12

Harlow and Harlow

Question 13

What did the monkeys in Harlow and Harlow want most?

Answer 13

Warmth and comfort (motherly qualities)

Question 14

What are the characteristics of attachment in young children?

Answer 14

Selective
Physical proximity seeking
Comfort and security
Separation distress

Question 15

What did Ainsworth come up with?

Answer 15

‘The Strange Situation’ –> leaving child alone with stranger

Question 16

What was the strange situation?

Answer 16

Procedure devised to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and child

It applies to children between the age of nine and 18 months. The attachment styles were (1) secure, (2) insecure (ambivalent and avoidance). Later introduced the 3rd category, disorganised.

Child is observed playing while caregivers and strangers enter and leave the room, recreating the flow of the familiar and unfamiliar presence in most children’s lives. The situation varies in stressfulness and responses are observed.

Question 17

What is insecure-avoidant insecure attachment shown in Ainsworth’s?

Answer 17

Infant avoids connection with caregiver and did not express distress upon separation.

Tend to cut selves off from partner in future and has greater sense of autonomy

Question 18

What is insecure-resistant attachment shown in Ainsworth’s?

Answer 18

Child is upset by mother leaving. Explores very little

Fears rejection from parter, strong desire to maintain closeness

Question 19

What is secure attachment shown in Ainsworth’s?

Answer 19

A child who is securely attached to its mother will explore and play freely. Will engage with stranger when caregiver present. May be upset when caregiver leaves.

Comfortable in relationships, able to seek support from partner

Question 20

What age is distinction between 1ary caregiver and others made?

Answer 20

6-8 weeks

Question 21

Who came up with the internal working model of self?

Answer 21

John Bowlby

Question 22

What is the internal working model of self?

Answer 22

Mental representation of relationship with 1ary caregiver which becomes a template for future relationships. Allows individuals to process and control external world.