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teas prep Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus endocrine function

A

integration between the endocrine and nervous system. produces releasing hormones that stimulate and inhibit hormones that restrict production of several hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.

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2
Q

Pineal gland endocrine function

A

produces melatonin

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3
Q

pituitary gland endocrine function

A

releases hormones that regulate growth and development

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4
Q

thyroid endocrine function

A

controls rate at which body produces energy from nutrients

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5
Q

parathyroid endocrine function

A

produces parathyroid hormone for regulation of calcium levels in blood

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6
Q

thymus endocrine function

A

develops t-cells (defend body from pathogens)

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7
Q

adrenal gland endocrine function

A

creates adrenaline and cortisol

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8
Q

pancreas endocrine function

A

secretes hormones in charge of blood sugar homeostasis

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9
Q

testes/ ovaries endocrine function

A

produce hormones that relate to sexual development and reproduction

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10
Q

hormones are

A

chemical messengers secreted by ductless glands

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11
Q

negative feedback

A

counteracting. counter active responses that keep homeostasis.
Ex. the release of insulin triggers uptake of glucose into cells, lowering blood glucose levels.

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12
Q

Positive feedback

A

(more, more, more)
Ex. contractions cause pressure which causes release of more hormones which causes more contractions which causes more pressure.

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13
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment. Maintained largely through negative feedback mechanisms

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14
Q

Beta cells of pancreas

A

secrete insulin and detect levels of glucose. negative feedback

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15
Q

Alpha cells of pancreas

A

detect blood glucose levels and secrete glucagon if blood glucose levels are too low. negative feedback

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16
Q

glucagon role

A

stimulates target cells in liver to convert hepatic glucagon into glucose and release that glucose into the blood.

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17
Q

gigantism

A

can be due to a benign tumor in the pituitary overriding effects of growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH).

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18
Q

thyroid hormone plays part in

A

regulating growth, development and metabolic rate.

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19
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

malfunction of regulatory feedback loops which lead to overproduction of thyroid hormone (TH).

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20
Q

Melatonin produced by

A

the pineal gland in the center of the brain. cells of target organs are in the eye, the hypothalamus, and the anterior pituitary.

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21
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by

A

anterior pituitary and stimulates the development of eggs in ovaries and sperm in testes. Also stimulates production of ovaries’ primary hormonal secretion, estrogen.

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22
Q

luteinizing hormone produced by

A

anterior pituitary and responsible for triggering ovulation in female gonads and production of testosterone in male gonads

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23
Q

testosterone secreted by

A

the testes (primary hormone) and secreted in small quantities by the adrenal gland in both males and females.

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24
Q

steroid hormones made from

A

cholesterol and can pass easily through cell membranes because of their lipid composition.
Influence transcription in their target cells

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25
Q

proteins are

A

molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

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26
Q

non steroid hormones are

A

water soluble and cannot pass between phospholipids of cell membranes. they bind to hormones on the receptors on cell surface and trigger changes in the receptor that signals molecules within the target cell.

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27
Q

thymus gland is larger in

A

children until about 6 years of age

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28
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

non-steroid hormone plays role in regulation of plasma calcium levels.

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29
Q

testosterone secreted by

A

testes and promotes development of male sex characteristics. Small quantities are produced n the adrenal glands in both males and females. Steroid hormone.

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30
Q

estrogen secreted by

A

ovaries and promotes the development of female sex characteristics. Steroid hormone.

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31
Q

epinephrine secreted by

A

the adrenal gland and regulates heart rate and blood pressure. Nonsteriod hormone.

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32
Q

follicle stimulating hormone secreted by

A

anterior pituitary and stimulates the development of eggs in ovaries and sperm in testes. non steroid hormone.

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33
Q

Glucagon secreted by

A

pancreas and triggers liver to convert hepatic glycogen stores into glucose and release it into the blood to lower blood glucose levels. Nonsteroid hormone.

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34
Q

growth hormone secreted by

A

the anterior pituitary and stimulates tissue growth. non steroid hormone.

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35
Q

inhibiting hormones secreted by

A

hypothalamus and restrict the production of certain morons. non steroid hormone.

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36
Q

insulin secreted by

A

pancreas and is a non steroid hormone that triggers the influx of glucose into cells thus lowering blood glucose levels.

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37
Q

luteinizing hormone secreted by

A

anterior pituitary and triggers ovulation in ovaries and production of testosterone by testes. non steroid hormone

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38
Q

melatonin secreted by

A

pineal gland and plays a role in maintaining circadian rhythms. non steroid hormone

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39
Q

oxytocin secreted by

A

posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection. non steroid hormone

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40
Q

parathyroid hormone secreted by

A

parathyroid and elevates plasma calcium levels. non steroid hormone.

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41
Q

releasing hormones secreted by

A

hypothalamus and stimulates production of certain hormones. non steroid hormone.

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42
Q

thyroid hormone secreted by

A

thyroid and regulates development and metabolic rate. non steroid hormone

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43
Q

how many bones in the body

A

206 and 300 in babies

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44
Q

bones contains

A

living tissue composed of cells, a collagen matrix, and minerals.

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45
Q

osteocytes are

A

matured bone cells and maintain bone and their thin cellular projections sense physical stresses on bone

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46
Q

osteoblasts are

A

immature bone cells and make new bone

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47
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone and perform mineral reabsorption by removing calcium form the bone so it can enter the bloodstream

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48
Q

how do neurons use calcium

A

to communicate with each other and rely upon its presence in extracellular fluid for normal muscle contraction inhibition

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49
Q

hypocalcemia causes

A

tetany which is involuntary and continuous contraction of skeletal muscles. this is caused by. sufficient deficits in plasma calcium

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50
Q

osteoporosis

A

too much calcium depleted from bones by osteoclasts which results in weak and brittle bones.

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51
Q

osteoblasts produce

A

a highly organized collagen matrix to which extracellular hydroxyapatite a calcium phosphate salt) binds too.

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52
Q

collagen protein’s give

A

bone flexibility, while minerals that encrust those fibers give them strength

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53
Q

Lamellae

A

mineral- laden collagen matrix in compact bone. Like rings of a tree

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54
Q

lacunae

A

microscopic pocket between lamellae where bone cells reside

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55
Q

canaliculi

A

microscopic tunnels transverse to lamellae and allow for communication between lacunae

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56
Q

osteon

A

grouping of concentric lamellae and contains a central canal within its inner most ring

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57
Q

central (Haversian) canals

A

passageways for nerves and blood vessels. allow bones to get oxygen and nutrients without being highly vascular

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58
Q

perforating (Volksman) canals

A

perpendicular and oblique canals carry small arteries throughout bones

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59
Q

compact bone

A

bone containing densely packed osteons that make up the peripheral layer of bone. make up plates of the skull and periphery of most other bones

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60
Q

spongy bone

A

type of bone having fewer osteons and therefore lighter than compact (dense) bone

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61
Q

red bone marrow

A

site of blood formation and plays a role in the immune system

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62
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

present within medullary cavity of adult long bones primarily composed of adipose tissue (fat)

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63
Q

femur

A

largest bone in the adult body containing the largest amount of yellow bone marrow

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64
Q

long bones description

A

have pronounced longitudinal axis, provide mechanical advantage of levers where they articulate with other bones

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65
Q

hinge joint found in

A

each elbow and knee and allows for flexion and extension of the more distal bone along only one plane

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66
Q

ball and socket joint found in

A

shoulders and hips and allow for articulation with other bones

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67
Q

short bones found in

A

wrists and ankles and have a width similar to their height and articulate with gliding joints

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68
Q

flat bones found in

A

plates of skull and connect with each other at fused joints called sutures

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69
Q

irregular bones

A

do not fit in other categories

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70
Q

soft tissue includes

A

cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and periosteum

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71
Q

Periosteum covers

A

bones

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72
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

protects bones where they are involved with articulations

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73
Q

cartilage is

A

the primary structural protein of connective tissue. and protects bone in articulating joints

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74
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degenerative bone disease causes inflammation and pain of a joint

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75
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

progressive autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and pain. Casued by autoimmune reaction

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76
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate. epiphyseal line develops when plate area stops producing cartilage indicating termination of growth in long bone

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77
Q

achondroplastic dwarfism

A

resulting short stature of individuals when epiphyseal plate stops growing as a premature age.

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78
Q

axial skeleton consists of

A

skull that shields the brain, thoracic cage of ribs and sternum that shelters the heart and lungs, and spinal column where the spinal cord resides.

also plays major role in metabolism and movement

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79
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

made up of 4 appendages
bones of arms, legs, hands, and feet

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80
Q

smallest bones in the skull

A

three auditory ossicles in ear
malleus, incus, and stapes

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81
Q

hyoid bone description

A

point of tongue and larynx attachment. only bones that does not articulate with the rest of the skeleton

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82
Q

vertebral column description

A

made of 3 groups of similarly shaped bones. The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

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83
Q

atlas description

A

cervical vertebra 1 on cranial end of vertebral column. has the two flat surfaces on top. allows for nodding yes

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84
Q

axis description

A

contains vertical projection (dens) that fits into atlas. allows for side to side shaking no motion of head.

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85
Q

fibrocartilage located

A

between vertebrae called intervertebral discs

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86
Q

pectoral girdle made up of

A

upper region of appendicular skeleton containing the right and left scapula and clavicles

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87
Q

upper limbs consist of

A

humerus, radius, and ulna

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88
Q

lower limbs consist of

A

femur, tibia, and fibula

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89
Q

muscles connect to bones with

A

tendons

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90
Q

prime mover

A

contracting muscle

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91
Q

antagonists

A

relaxed muscle

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92
Q

molecule is

A

an arrangement of two or more atoms bonded together

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93
Q

DNAs main functions

A

(1) to pass on information it encodes to the next generation (2) it provides the blueprint or recipes for maintaining cellular functions

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94
Q

gene is

A

a sequence of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity

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95
Q

DNA is

A

a macromolecule and a polymer made up of monomers linked together in a long chain

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96
Q

polymer is

A

a substance composed of similar units bonded together

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97
Q

monomer

A

molecules that can bind to similar or identical molecules to form a polymer. form covalent bonds with each other via dehydration reaction

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98
Q

nucleotides

A

monomers used to build DNA and RNA

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99
Q

deoxyribonucleotide is

A

a kind of sugar- highly modified- that is the monomer found in DNA

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100
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

usually called bases are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. hydrogen bonded.

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101
Q

DNA double helix is made up of

A

two polynucleotides wound around each other

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102
Q

DNA backbone made of

A

altering sugars and phosphates represented rings of a ladder

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103
Q

hydrogen bonds are

A

a type of non covalent bond

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104
Q

non covalent bond is

A

a relatively weak bond

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105
Q

adenine pairs with

A

Thymine

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106
Q

guanine pairs with

A

cytosine

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107
Q

nucleus

A

a large organelle within the cell that houses the chromosomes. Primary job is to sequester the DNA into enclosed information

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108
Q

genome

A

the complete set of genetic information in a cell

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109
Q

humans posses how many pieces of DNA

A

46 unique pieces of DNA

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110
Q

chromosome

A

a structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA. Humans posses 23 pairs of chromosomes. one form each parent

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111
Q

DNA stretched out

A

would be 6 ft long

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112
Q

genes

A

unit of heredity. sequences of DNA that encode something that the cell can use. encode for proteins or functional RNA molecules like transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Built from only four nucleotides

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113
Q

eukaryotes

A

have a nucleus in each cell

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114
Q

purpose of non gene DNA

A

not clear, some scientists refer to it as junk DNA

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115
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, a type of RNA that is produced by transcription of DNA

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116
Q

codons

A

triplets of bases that each code for an amino acid.
if genes are sentences, codons are the words within them.

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117
Q

proteins

A

polymers built of strings of amino acids. 20 common amino acids make up nearly every protein in nearly every organism on earth

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118
Q

genetic code

A

set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called codons. 64 codons that specify the 20 amino acids

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119
Q

sequence of transcription and translation

A

DNA to RNA to protein

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120
Q

transcription and translation in protein synthesis stages

A

1st stage- RNA “transcribes”, or copies, DNA instructions to make a protein.

RNA copies from DNA gene

2nd stage- proteins use unwound DNA strand as a template and build complementary strand of mRNA

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121
Q

complementary strand

A

a molecule of RNA (or strand of DNA) synthesized from a complementary template strand

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122
Q

RNA coding

A

instead of Thymine base, RNA uses Uracil to make RNA from DNA template

A->U
T->A

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123
Q

where does protein synthesis take place

A

in ribosome also where translation occurs. “Machine” made of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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124
Q

3 codons give

A

a specific amino acid

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125
Q

ribosome process

A

ribosome binds to mRNA and reads each codon.
as codon is read by ribosome the codon is bound by a tRNA (using base parking rule) that has an amino acid hooked.
amino acid is transferred from its tRNA to a growing chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds that cling to ribosome.
tRNA releases from codon, ribosome reads the b=next codon in line and process repeats

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126
Q

how many possible codons are there

A

64, each codon encodes for a specific amino acid

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127
Q

mitosis

A

cell division in eukaryotes that produce two identical daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell

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128
Q

chromatid

A

one of the two duplicate=s of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle.
pair of duplicates after replication is called sister chromatids

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129
Q

point mutation

A

simplest. a change in a single nucleotide that affects one codon.
Can change the structure of the completed protein

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130
Q

missense mutation

A

type of point mutation where an amino acid is changed

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131
Q

silent mutation

A

type of point mutation where amino acid is not changed

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132
Q

nonsense mutation

A

type of point mutation where mutation changes amino acid to a “stop”

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133
Q

most mutations occur

A

during DNA replication while replicating for cell division

134
Q

insertion

A

where an extra base or bases are inserted. can cause frameshift one of the most serious types of mutations

135
Q

deletion

A

where a base or bases are lost. can cause frameshift, one of the most serious types of mutations

136
Q

how many known elements are there

A

118 . 92 naturally occurring and the rest have been constructed by scientists in labs

137
Q

what elements make up the majority of living organisms

A

carbon, nitrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen

CHON

138
Q

What is an elements smallest unit

A

an atom

139
Q

atoms contain what primary components

A

Electrons, Neutrons, and Protons
Also called subatomic particles

140
Q

Subshells include

A

s, p, d, and f

141
Q

atomic mass

A

sum of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element. Displayed as atomic mass unit in periodic table.

142
Q

neutron amu

A

1 amu

143
Q

proton amu

A

1 amu

144
Q

Periods

A

numbered top to bottom indicate the shell number that is the valence electron as well as number of sub shells within each shell

145
Q

Columns

A

correspond to configurations of electron in their valence shell. Elements in the same column have similar chemical physical properties.

146
Q

isotope

A

atoms of the same element that have a difference number of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons

147
Q

ion

A

a positively or negatively charged atom or molecule

148
Q

cation

A

positively charged ions.

neutral atom loses an electron and you can “see through” to the positive

149
Q

anion

A

if neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes negatively charged ion

150
Q

specific heat of capacity

A

amount of energy needed to change the temperature of one gram of a molecule by 1 degree Celsius

151
Q

phase of a substance depends on

A

temperature and pressure

152
Q

increasing temperature

A

has tendency to move particles of mater apart

153
Q

increasing pressure

A

has tendency to move particles of matter together

154
Q

temperature at which a phase change occurs

A

depends on intermolecular forces that are unique for each substance

155
Q

intensive proporties

A

physical properties that are independent of the amount of substance present.
Ex, density, color, and conductivity.

156
Q

extensive proporties

A

characteristics of a substance that depend on the site of the sample.
Ex. length, volume, and mass

157
Q

mass

A

the specific number if molecules present. measurement of inertia

158
Q

volume

A

the amount of space taken up by the number of molecules present

159
Q

density

A

the ratio of mass to volume
D=m/v
CAN be used to identify a substance because it is an intensive property that is constant for each substance

160
Q

triple point

A

temperature at which solid, liquid, and gas phases of a pure substance coexist

161
Q

deposition

A

transition of a substance from a gas to a solid without passing through the liquid state

162
Q

critical point

A

temperature above which a substance coexists in both liquid and gas states

163
Q

molecule

A

an arrangement of two or more atoms bond together
Ex. O2, H2, H2O

164
Q

compound

A

A substance made of two more more elements
*molecule can be a compound but compound cannot be a molecule.

165
Q

metals have

A

loosely held valence electrons and often lose electrons during a chemical reaction

166
Q

ionic compound

A

reaction of a metal and nonmetal. Metal has low ionization energy (loses electrons) which are then gained by the nonmetal because of its high affinity for them

167
Q

covalent bond

A

nonmetals reacting. Sharing of electrons, no complete transfer

168
Q

typically atoms having fewer then ______ valance shell electrons lose electrons to atoms with more than ______ valance shell electrons

A

4

169
Q

covalent bonds typically form between __ orbital

A

p

170
Q

reactants

A

substances on the left side of the equation, starting material in a chemical reaction

171
Q

products

A

substances on the right side of the equation, substances that are formed in a chemical reaction

172
Q

single replacement reaction

A

element reacts with compound and then takes place of another element in that compound

173
Q

double replacement reaction

A

where two compounds react causing positive and negative ions of two reactants that switch places. process forms two new compounds

174
Q

decomposition reaction

A

when a compound breaks apart

175
Q

synthesis reaction

A

when two different substances combine

176
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction

A

involves transfer of e- between two chemical species

CH4 + 2O2—-> CO2 + 2H2O

177
Q

mole

A

chemical unit that describes large number of atoms in matter, atoms, or molecules

one mole is 6.022 X 10^23 particles

number of moles in from of compound or molecule.

2H2O: two H2Os

178
Q

length

A

measurement of distance from end to end

179
Q

micro

A

one millionth- one micrometer

180
Q

milli

A

one thousandths- millimeter

181
Q

centi

A

one hundredth- one centimeter

182
Q

deca

A

Ten- dam- decimeter

183
Q

hecta

A

one hundred- hm- hectameter

184
Q

kilo

A

one thousand- km- kilometer

185
Q

independent variable

A

what you change. typically manipulated or changed in an experiment

186
Q

dependent variable

A

condition in an experiment that is potentially affected by manipulating an independent variable

187
Q

control group

A

receives no treatment, standard treatment whose effect is already known or placebo

188
Q

control variable

A

any variable held constant in a research study

189
Q

experimental design must

A

minimize bias, maximize precision, and accuracy of the data and be streamlined and robust. Method should be repeatable

190
Q

a successful experiment is

A

accurate, replicable and lacks bias. Results are reliable evidence

191
Q

antigen

A

substances on the surface of agents that act to identify them, to the body, as being native or foreign

192
Q

pathogens

A

dangerous to body

193
Q

allergies

A

an immune response to a foreign agent that is not a pathogen

194
Q

autoimmune disease

A

a pathology that results from the immune system mistaking part of the body as a pathogen

195
Q

innate immune system

A

a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serves as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens.

inherited at birth

Does not protect against specific pathogens.

196
Q

physical barriers to entry of pathogens in body

A

skin, hair, ear wax, salt on skin, eye-cleansing tears

Contain antimicrobial substances: Mucus, tears, saliva

197
Q

immune systems line of defense

A
  • tonsils and adenoids
  • lymph nodes
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
198
Q

bacteria

A

unicellular organisms that are capable of causing disease

199
Q

phagocytes

A

ingest pathogens, type of white blood cell

200
Q

macrophage

A

large white blood cell that ingests foreign material. After consuming a pathogen, macrophage is able to put parts of the ingested antigens on its cell membrane to alert patrolling t-cells

201
Q

T cells

A

white blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in an immune response.

202
Q

dendritic cells

A

antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T cells

203
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens

204
Q

cytokines

A

cell signaling molecules released primarily by helper T cells and macrophages. “Broadcast” location of pathogens to other WBCs.
certain cytokines activate cytotoxic T-cells

205
Q

Histamine

A

also a cell of the innate immune system. WBC secretion that triggers capillary permeability and vasodilation.

206
Q

inflammation

A

the resulting redness, swelling, heat, and pain in an area of defense by innate immunity

207
Q

interferons

A

proteins secreted by leukocytes when they are infected with viruses.

prevent virus replication.

208
Q

innate immune system external nonspecific barriers

A

skin, nails, mucus, earwax, secretions (acid, salt, enzymes) and normal flora

209
Q

innate immune system in eternal nonspecific barriers

A

antimicrobials, inflammation, interferons, complement, Natural killer lymphocytes, and phagocytes

210
Q

adaptive immune system response to specific antigens

A

cytotoxic T cells kill pathogens, Activated by antigen and helper T cells, helper T cells are activated by antigen presenting cells (APC)

211
Q

Adaptive immune prevention to specific antigens

A

B cells produce antibodies

212
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

a kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigene present in the body

creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen and leads to an enhanced response to a future encounter.

213
Q

Adaptive immune system triggered by

A

the internal presence of specific antigens

214
Q

types of T cells

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Memory T cells

T cells become activated by in to helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, and Memory T cells in the presence of an antigen

215
Q

Helper T cells

A

secret interleukins, chemical messengers that trigger the action of other cells

216
Q

Memory cells

A

respond quickly to an antigen upon re-exposure so that the body is immune to developing symptoms form the associated pathogen the second time

217
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected by intracellular pathogens (such as viruses or bacteria), or cells that are damaged in other ways

218
Q

immunoglobulins

A

also called antibodies, blood proteins that have a variable region that fits a specific antigen

bind to particular antigens such as bacteria or viruses and aid in their destruction.

219
Q

antibody mediated immunity

A

a defense that employs B cells to create antibodies that tag pathogens for later destruction. also known as humoral immunity

220
Q

passive immunity

A

temporary immunity gained by ta body that has acquired antibodies from an outside source.

can be gained naturally through placenta or breast milk or artificially by receiving a serum containing antibodies.

221
Q

Vaccine

A

a solution of dead or weakened pathogen introduced to the body for the purpose of stimulating antibody production for that pathogen

222
Q

When do you drop the “E” if adding a suffix?

A

If the suffix begins with a vowel

Ex. Guide + ance= guidance

223
Q

when do you keep an “E” if adding a suffix?

A

If the suffix begins with a consonant.

Ex. Like + ly=Likely

224
Q

double the final consonant of of a word if

A

A vowel comes before the final consonant, ends on an accented syllable, or is a one-syllable word.

Ex. permit + ed=permitted
Ex. bat + ing= batting
Ex. stop + ed= stopped

225
Q

when adding a suffix to a word ending in “y” keep the “y” if

A

the suffix begins with “I” or if there is a vowel before the “y.”

Ex. try + ing= trying
Ex. annoy + ance= Annoyance
Ex. stay + ed= stayed

226
Q

when adding a suffix to a word ending in “y”

A

Drop the “y” and add an “I”

227
Q

When making words plural add an -s unless

A

the word ends in “-ch,” “-sh,” “-x.” “-z,” or “-s”. ADD - “-es” instead

228
Q

when making words that end in “-f” or “-ef” plural

A

drop the “-f” or “-ef” and add “-ves”

229
Q

Homophone

A

words that sound the same but are spelled differently

230
Q

Homograph

A

words that are spelled the same but have different meanings

231
Q

simple sentence

A

a complete thought made up of a subject and a verb.
Ex. The train arrived at 6 o’clock.

232
Q

compound sentence

A

sentence that contains at least two independent clauses that are connected to each other with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or). Comma is used before the coordinating conjunction.

Ex. The train arrived at six o’clock, but Joe was five minutes late.
or semicolon without coordinating conjunction
Ex. The train arrived at six o’clock; Joe was five minutes late.

233
Q

conjunctive adverb

A

thus, however, therefore, otherwise, nevertheless.

When adding subordinating adverb (conjunctive adverb) add a semicolon before it.

Ex. The train arrived at six o’clock; however, Joe was five minutes late.

234
Q

complex sentence

A

contains an independent clause and a dependent clause

Ex. Whenever it rains, I like to wear my blue coat.

235
Q

dependent clause

A

a group of words that include a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a compete sentence because it does not express a complete thought.

236
Q

independent clause

A

a group of words that includes a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.

237
Q

predicate

A

a part of a sentence that explains what the subject does or is like.

Describes the action.

Contains the verb and states something about the subject.

238
Q

Oxford comma

A

comma before the “and” in a simple series of items, also known as a serial comma.

239
Q

noun

A

person, place, thing, or idea

Ex. transmission, computer, snow, chemistry

240
Q

pronoun

A

take the place of a known.

Ex. She, he, they, we

241
Q

verb

A

action words.

Ex. run, clutches, gasped

242
Q

adjectives

A

describe or modify nouns.

Ex. broken, ridiculous, devastating

243
Q

adverbs

A

describe or modify adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs.

Ex. easily, quickly, proudly.

244
Q

prepositions

A

describe the relationship between other words.

Ex. before, into, onto, according to, since

245
Q

conjunctions

A

are connecting words.

Ex. and, so, but, nor, for, yet

246
Q

interjections

A

represent short bursts of emotion.

Ex. Hey! Aw! Hooray!

247
Q

subject

A

who or what a sentence is about

248
Q

simple subject

A

the noun

249
Q

complete subject

A

includes the noun and all its components and modifiers

250
Q

simple predicate

A

the verb

251
Q

complete predicate

A

vern and all its complements and modifiers

252
Q

direct object

A

receives the action.

Ex. What they are giving or offering

253
Q

indirect objects

A

are people or things to “whom or what” something is done

He bought me an umbrella.

Me is the indirect object.

254
Q

prepositional phrase

A

phrase that begins with a preposition (“with”) and ends with an object (“force”).

255
Q

topic sentence

A

the sentence that summarizes the main idea of a text or paragraph

256
Q

pronoun-antecedent agreement

A

matching like numbers of pronouns and their antecedents: singular with singular, plural with plural.

257
Q

What is the biological hierarchy

A
  • Organism
  • organ system (such as teh nervous system)
  • organs (such as the brain)
  • Tissues (such as blood)
  • Cells (such as neurons)
  • Organelles (such as the golgi bodies)
  • Biomolecules (such as DNA)
  • Molecules (such as oxygen)
258
Q

what dose the nervous system control and affect?

A

every part of the body in daily life functions and in the drive to maintain homeostasis

259
Q

nervous system function

A

to gather information from the internal and external environment and communicate ant necessary changes to the other systems of the body.

260
Q

neurons

A

pass information using an electrical nerve impulse from one neuron to the next

261
Q

what is the nervous system divided into?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

262
Q

central nervous system

A

consists of brain and spinal cord

263
Q

brain function in nervous system

A

integrates sensory information received from internal and external environment and assembles a motor response.

264
Q

spinal cord function in nervous system

A

connect peripheral nervous system to brain similar to a multilane highway system

265
Q

peripheral nervous system function

A

carries sensory (afferent) information towards the Brin and spinal cord, as well as, motor (efferent) information away from the brain and spinal cord.

266
Q

peripheral nervous system consists of

A

an extensive network of spinal nerves

267
Q

peripheral system divisions

A

somatic and autonomic divisions

268
Q

Somatic division function

A

voluntary and controls skeletal muscles of the body

269
Q

Autonomic division function

A

also known as visceral division and is involuntary. Controls cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands of organ systems, without conscious planning.

270
Q

nerves

A

a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses towards and away from the brain and spinal cord

271
Q

neuron

A

specialized cells where electrical impulses pass through

272
Q

neuron anatomy

A

includes the cell body (main part of the cell containing nucleus and most organelles) and nerve fibers (dendrites and axons) that extend from the cell body

nerve fibers are dendrites and axons.

273
Q

Dendrites

A

receptor extensions that receive nerve impulses

274
Q

Axon

A

long singular, tail-like extension that sends impulses from the neuron body to the branching axon

275
Q

Axon function

A

nerve fiber that carries nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body

276
Q

Synapse

A

the structure that allow neurons to pass signals on to other neurons, muscles, or glands

277
Q

nerve impuse travels

A
  • one-way from the dendrites to the cell body
  • Down the axon to terminal branches
  • once the nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal, it stimulates the release of chemical neurotransmitters into gap structure known as the synapse
  • neurotransmittes secreted into the synapse are picked up by the next cell causing a continuation or inhibition of the impulse
278
Q

spinal nerves

A

bundle of nerve fibers (axons and dendrites) that contain both afferent and efferent impulses

279
Q

how does an entire muscle move?

A

nerve send signals to muscle, certain proteins in muscle slide past each other, creating contraction or relaxation of the muscle. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) powers contraction

280
Q

What are the cells 3 main parts?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. they also have organelles that carry out metabolic life functions

281
Q

Cell function

A

processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement.

282
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of

A

a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. proteins act as gatekeepers that allow only certain molecules in and out making the membrane selectively permeable

283
Q

cytoplasm

A

semifluid substance present inside the membrane that contains organelles

284
Q

nucleus protected by

A

a double membrane in the form of nucleic acid DNA.

285
Q

nucleus referred to

A

as the control center, or brain of the cell

286
Q

mitosis

A

cell division in eukaryotes that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell

287
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

a cell organelle consenting ribosomes that synthesizes and processes proteins in the cell. It is continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus

288
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of the protein synthesis that is encoded by the DNA in the nucleus

289
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

a cell organelle that synthesizes and concentrates lipids int he cells doe snot contain ribosomes.

290
Q

protein synthesis process

A
  • proteins made on ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • packaged in parts of membrane into vesicles and transported to Golgi complex
  • protein vesicles fuse with Golgi
  • proteins are then modified, packaged, and transported to where they are needed
291
Q

Golgi function

A

where proteins are modified, packaged, and transported. referred to as manufacturing and shipping department of the cell.
Also responsible for packaging digestive enzymes within vesicles of the cell (lysosomes)

292
Q

lysozomes

A

vesicles of powerful digestive enzymes necessary for cellular resperation

293
Q

mitochondria

A

an organelle often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, changes food energy into usable cellular energy via process known as cellular energy via process known as cellular respiration. Usable energy is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

294
Q

phases of mitosis

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

295
Q

Mitosis interphase

A

DNA replicates

296
Q

Mitosis Prophase

A

chromosomes condense and visible chromosomes appear

297
Q

Mitosis Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align, meet in the middle

298
Q

Mitosis Anaphase

A

Chromosomes pull apart to the poles. Cell division begins.

299
Q

Mitosis Telophase

A

Two nuclei form, Daughter cells separate

300
Q

Meiosis

A

specialized cell division used to create haploid gametes in diploid organisms.
Nucleus of germ cells divide and then each part divides again (two fissions) producing 4 gametes or sex cells

301
Q

sex cells

A

have half the genetic information of the original germ cell and supplies half the genetic information for sexual reproduction

302
Q

atoms combine

A

to form molecules

303
Q

molecules combine

A

to form cells

304
Q

cells combine

A

to form tissue

305
Q

cells in the body include

A

brain cells, liver cells, skin cells, blood cells

306
Q

cells are

A

the basic unit of body structure

307
Q

tissues combine

A

to form organs
Ex. heart or brain

308
Q

organs combine

A

to form organ systems or body systems
Ex. nervous system which includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves

309
Q

organ systems combine

A

to form human body

310
Q

systems in the body work together to

A

maintain equilibrium

311
Q

meiosis

A

specialized cell division used to create haploid gametes in diploid organisms

312
Q

interphase function

A

DNA replicates

313
Q

Prophase I

A

chromosomes condense and form homologous pairs

314
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes align

315
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes pull to opposite ends of the cell

316
Q

Telophase I

A

Nuclear membranes form as the cell separate into two haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids

317
Q

prophase II

A

daughter cells contain half the chromosomes of the original cell. Chromosomes in haploid daughter cells condense

318
Q

Meataphase II

A

individual chromosomes align (Chromosomes align)

319
Q

Anaphase II

A

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cells

320
Q

Telophase II

A

nuclear membranes form as the two daughter cells from meiosis I separate into 4 haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of a single chromatid each.

321
Q

Tissues

A

groups of similar cells that work together to perform a shared function

322
Q

what are the 4 basic types of tissues

A

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

323
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and serves as a protective barrier (e.g. skin)

324
Q

connective tissue

A

connects other tissues to each other and serves to bind and support body parts

325
Q

muscle tissue

A

moves the body and its contents by contraction

326
Q

nervous tissue

A

receives stimuli from the internal and external environment and communicates through electrical impulses with the rest of the body

327
Q

organs

A

consist of two or more different tissues and have a specific shape and function

328
Q

kidney tissue

A

epithelial, connective, and nervous tissue

329
Q

kidneys main function

A

to recycle nutrients and filter waste from the blood

330
Q
A

TEAS (28 decks)

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