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TEAS > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

saliva contains

A

salivary amylase
lingual lipase
antimicrobial agents
lysozyme
bicarbonate ions
mucin

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2
Q

salivary amylase function

A

begins chemical breakdown of polysaccharides into simple sugars

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3
Q

lingual lipase function

A

begins the breakdown of fats

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4
Q

lysozyme function

A

enzyme that works together with immunoglobulin A to break down cell walls of many bacteria

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5
Q

bicarbonate ion function

A

help saliva maintain pH that is optimal for salivary enzymes as well as other ions

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6
Q

mucin function

A

protein that helps to form gel-like coating that lubricates the bolus of food

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7
Q

esophagus is

A

25 cm tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach

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8
Q

esophagus function

A

passageway for food

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9
Q

esophagus secretes

A

mucus to aid in the transport of food

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10
Q

esophagus walls

A

4
mucosa
submucosa
muscular externa
adventitia

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11
Q

esophagus upper third composed of

A

skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control

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12
Q

esophagus lower third is

A

entirely smooth muscle

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13
Q

esophageal sphincters

A

one at superior end of esophagus and one at lower end of esophagus

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14
Q

what is the stomach

A

a muscular organ that can stretch to accommodate a high volume of food

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15
Q

what is the primary role of the stomach

A

the storage and mechanical break down of food

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16
Q

inner surface of the stomach

A

Mucosa- is folded into a series of ridges called rugae

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17
Q

rugae

A

series of ridges in the stomach. allow the stomach to expand as it fills with food

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18
Q

food in stomach

A

turns into chyme

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19
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

regulates passage of chyme into the small intestine

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20
Q

mucosa of stomach contains

A

gastric glands which open into numerous gastric pits

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21
Q

what are the 4 types of cells in gastric glands

A

mucous cells
parietal cells
chief cells
endocrine cells

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22
Q

endocrine cell function

A

also known as G-cellls. release hormones such as gastrin into the blood and do not contribute to gastric juices

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23
Q

parietal cell function

A

exocrine gland. secrete intrinsic factor and release hydrochloric acid

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24
Q

intrinsic factor

A

exocrine gland. required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine

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25
Q

hydrochloric acid (HCl) function in stomach

A

lowers the pH of gastric juice to 1-3

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26
Q

why is an acidic environment required

A

for the activation of pepsinogen

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27
Q

chief cells function

A

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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28
Q

pepsin function

A

digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptide chains

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29
Q

mucous cell function

A

secrete bicarbonate-containing mucous to protect the stomach from the acidity and digestive enzymes

30
Q

where does most fat and protein digestion occur

A

in small intestine

31
Q

where are g cells located

A

(endocrine cells) at the lowest end of the rugae (tip)

32
Q

where are mucous cells located

A

lien most of the mucosa

33
Q

chief and parietal cell location

A

along the mucosa

34
Q

layer of muscularis externa

A

longitudinal layer
circular layer
oblique layer- not seen in the rest of the alimentary canal

35
Q

stomach location

A

left superior region of the abdomen

36
Q

gastroesophageal sphincter

A

found at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
helps to prevent acid reflux of acidic contents

37
Q

4 main parts of stomach

A

cardiac region
fundus
body
pylorus

38
Q

cardiac region function

A

area where foo dis emptied into the stomach

39
Q

fundus function

A

most superior region of the stomach

40
Q

body function

A

largest, most centrakregion of the stomach. curves towards the right to form a ā€œJā€ with the lesser curvature and the greater curvature.

41
Q

pylorus function

A

funnel shaped region in the stomach.
wider end- pyloric antrum
narrow end- pyloric canal

42
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

value that regulates the release of small amounts of chyme into the small intestine.

43
Q

liver function

A

*acts as accessory organ by performing many functions such as the production of bile, nutrient metabolism, and detoxification.
*regulates blood glucose concentration.
*breaks down exogenous compounds such as drugs and alcohol.

44
Q

how many lobes does the liver have

A

4

45
Q

what is the primary digestive function of the liver

A

synthesis of bile

46
Q

bile description

A

yellow-green solution that includes:
bile salts
pigments (mainly BILIRUBIN from the breakdown hemoglobin)
cholesterol
electrolytes

47
Q

bile function in digestive system

A

bile salts are what plays a role in digestion.
Bile salts mechanically by emulsifying fats into smaller globules called micelles.
Enhances the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K

48
Q

micelles function

A

can be acted in by lipases in the small intestine

49
Q

where is bile stored

A

stored and concentrated in the gallbladder

50
Q

liver cell function

A

synthesize bile salts from cholesterol

51
Q

what causes bile to be squeezed out of the bile duct

A

hormone called CCK (chloecystokinin) signals gallbladder to contract and bile to be squeezed into common bile duct when food enters the small intestine

52
Q

where does the bile duct join with the pancreatic duct

A

at the hepatopancreatic ampulla or ampula of vater.

53
Q

how does bile spill into the the duodenum

A

via duodenal papilla.
it can also flow directly from the liver to dueodenum

54
Q

what is ammonia converted into in the liver

A

urea and excreted by the kidneys

55
Q

what happens in cases of prolonged fasting

A

the liver can produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like proteins and fats.

56
Q

where does blood from digestive tract enter the liver

A

through the hepatic portal vein

57
Q

what happens if blood sugar is too high

A

liver polymerizes glucose to form glycogen in process called glycogenisis

58
Q

what happens in liver if blood sugar is too low

A

liver cells break down stored glycogen and release glucose monomers in the process called glycogenolysis

59
Q

what is glysogenisis

A

when liver polymerizes glucose to form glycogen

60
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

when liver cells breakdown stored glycogen and release glucose monomers

61
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

the process of the liver producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like proteins and fats

62
Q

pepsin function

A

begins the breakdown of proteins

63
Q

cholinesterase function

A

begins the breakdown of acetylcholine

64
Q

what would happen if the parietal cells were unable to secrete substances into the gastric gland

A

parietal cells would not secrete corrosive HCl, pepsinogen could not be converted to pepsin, pepsin would not form, dietary proteins would remain undigested.

65
Q

enteroendocrine cells produce

A

gastrin

66
Q

what is gastrin

A

a local hormone that is vital for regulating digestive activities in the stomach

67
Q

what does gastrin do

A

stimulates the release of gastric juices and emptying of the stomach

68
Q

chief cell function

A

responsible for producing inactive protein-digusting enzymes called pepsinogens

69
Q

structural components of lipids

A

glycerol and fatty acids

70
Q

how does pepsin aid in the digestion of proteins

A

by severing the peptide bonds that join amino acids into long chains

TEAS (28 decks)

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