taxonomy? Flashcards
how can we figure out which traits are most important?
lexica approach
- we can learn about personality by studying language.
- if a trait is important it will appear in different languages
-if the trait is important it will appear many times in that one language(different words)
ex:extravert (energetic,friendly, outgoing)
what is trait taxonomy?
is a system that includes all of the important traits of personality
what ways can taxonomy can be organized into a system?
-hierchical system
-some traits are more important then others
ex:
extraversion
nice outgoing social
what is the first step for The Lexical Approch to pride study?
Research Procedure (get data)
-asked participants to list tratits that characterized what they felt,thought,and did when they felt pride
what is the second step?
Figure out how words can be grouped together
- how are words related to each other?
(ex: victories, winners, achieving)
how do we develop a trait taxonomy?
- statistical approch
factor analysis
step 1: ask participants to rate how much certain traits describes them(get data from participants)
step 2:enter rating into factor analysis progremm which tell you how traits are grouped together
statistical approch to pride
how much you tend to feel … (happy)
1—————2————-3—————4———–4
what other approach we can use to develop a trait taxonomy?
- theorical approch
which is how traits should metter compering to other theories
what are the two facet theories?
-authentic pride
-promotes social investments
- foster geunin self-esteem
-hubristic pride
-related to aggression,hostility
- narcissim
what was happing in 1968?
-changes in field of personality
- end of the era of mega-thoeries
- era of middle-level theories
- the rise of Social Psychology
-lewin’s interactions
-behaviour as a function of person and situation
- B=f(PxS)
vs
-festinger’s situationism
-reduced to B=f(S)
- personality being irrelevant
what was the situation of the time?
emphasis on the power of situation to shape people’s behaviour due to horrors of WWII
ex: Asch’s conformity study,Milgram’s obedience study,Zimbardo’prision studies
what was Mischel’s critique
personality does not predict behaviour
B=f(P) is wrong
people act differently in different situations
knowing a person’s personality(level of trait) does not allow you to predict any specific behaviour
ex: an extrovert will be quiet in a funeral
what was the result of this critique?
-Personality psychology suffered
-fewer grad programs
-fewer reserch areas
-fewer jobs
-Social Psychology blossomed
-huge area of research
-many grad programs,researches and jobs
what was personality’s response? (they though back)
1-personality traits predict behaviour,but over long-term
- your level of extraversion(trait) overall will be good at predicting
how much you go out
- but it will not predict if you go out this weekend
*to predict behaviour we use aggregation
averaging together a set of behaviour
what is the second part of the response ?
2-broad traits predict broad behaviors,narrow traits predict narrow behaviour
ex: concientiousness (trait) > academic performence (behaviour)
punctuality > showing up to class on time
what is the third part of the response?
people may differ in how they behave across situations,but are consistent relative to other people
ex:
-maria is very talkative in a party but in class she doesn’t talk as much
-lily is not as talkative in parties and even less in class
but what we notice is that although we behave different across situations we still behave cosistly with our personality when comparing to others: maria is more talkative then lily in every situation, she just shows how much differently
- see slides if still confused
what is the fourth part of the response?
4- personality traits are stable long periods of time
how is adult personality linked to child temperment
temperament dimension
activity level > extraversion
sociability > extraversion,agreebleness
emotional reactivity > neuroticism
attention level > conscientiousness
orienting sensitivity > openness
what is the resolution of person - situation debate ?
both personality and situation matters
B= f(PxS)
when are situational characteristics matter?
situational characteristics are better predictor of behaviour when situations is strong (high level of constrains)
ex:class,job interviews,church
when does personality traits matter?
personality traits are better predictors of behaviour when situations are week(low levels of constrains)
ex: parties,date,home
failure to replicate in social psychology
most findings that have failed to replicate,or are known to have been p-hacked,are social psychology findings demonstrating the power of the situation
why is social psychology in crisis?
social psych studies have historically tend to :
- use small samples
-maximize the apparent difference between two conditions (rather then observe the relation between two variables*
-no head lessons personality psychology had to learn (aggregation,narrow traits predict narrow behaviour etc.)
what is the result of that ?
personality psychology is back on the rise
personality psychologists are gaining more fame
psych depts seeking to employ researchers who produce reliable research
