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psychology of personality > Biology approch > Flashcards

Biology approch Flashcards

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1
Q

is Stephen Glass a narcissist?

A

-he is manipulative
(gives gifts to friends to get help later)
-low-self esteem
-demanding parents with unrealistic expectations
-fantasizes about students admiring him
-gaslight chuck/editor when he is caught in a lie
-never admits wrong doing except when it benefits him for doing so, like not getting caught in a bigger lie

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2
Q

or is he something more complicated ?

A

-self-depecrating to get attention and praise
-very competitive
-constatly seeking to please friends and parents
-constatly lies

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3
Q

what are the 3 basic assumptions on the biological perspective and personality

A

personality traits:
-reflect physiological differences
-are largerly genetically determined
-are rooted in our evolutionary history

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4
Q

what is phrenology?

A

a pre-scientific approch that belived that regions of the head were associated with certain functions
ex:slopping forehad = criminal

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5
Q

what is the modern view in phrenology

A

-its in the brain,not the head
-it is not that specific

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6
Q

who was Galen?

A

-galen was an ancient greek physician
-he though personality was a reflection of the four fluids that he believed makes up our bodies

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7
Q

what was Galen’s four humors?

A

yellow bile- bad temper, irritability (choleric)
black bile-gloomy pessimist(melancholic)
phlegm-sluggish,non-exitable(phlegmatic)
blood-cheerful,passionate(sanguine)

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8
Q

genetic approach to personality

A

Genes are the building blocks to personality
-inherited through evolutionary processes
-by shaping physiological responses we shape personality and behaviour

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9
Q

what is behavioral genetics?

A

it is the study of how genes impact behaviour

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10
Q

what is a very important assumption of behavioural genetics

A

nature vs nature is wrong
nature AND nurture is right

no traits are caused entirely by one,they are shaped by both genes we inherit and the enviroment

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11
Q

what are genotypes?

A

they are genetic potential
ex:hight,hair colour,eye colour,intelligence

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12
Q

what are phenotypes?

A

they are manifest characteristics
ex:actual hair colour and height;influenced by mix of genes and environment

you may have the tall gene but if your parents dont give you enough food you will not be tall

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13
Q

what is genetic heritability?-

A

concept that heritability to the extent to which individual differences in a trait,within a group of people, are due to differences in gene
-it is always referring to groups
-does not mean how much of a trait within a single person is due to genetics

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14
Q

what is behavioural genetics?-

A

-is used to identify genetic differences between individuals within a group
-allows researchers to determine the extent to which individual differences in a trait are due to genetics and environment

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15
Q

what is a big misconception about heritability?

A

that group differences are explained by genetic differences

studies show that african-americans are 10-15 points lower the cocasian - this have been assume as due to genetic (which is not true)

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16
Q

so what make group differences

A

group differences are actually caused by enviromental differences between groups

-iQs scores difference decreases when environmental are matched on socioeconomic statues by both groups
-ex:this is pretty clear by black people who were adoptated by white communities
-there is no difference of IQ being different in infancy for example

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17
Q

what are some examples of enviromental differences

A

-being raised by a single parent (afrcan-americans are more likely to be raised so)
-less cognitively complex
-attend school with lower average IQ,so high achivers don’t need to achieve as high

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18
Q

why are twin studies used so much in behavioural genetics?

A

twin studies help us understand the importance of genetic and environmental influences on social development

-identical(MZ) - mesmo ovulo fertiliza
-fraternal(DZ)-differentes ovulos fertilizados no mesmo tempo

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19
Q

twin study reserch diagram

A

MZ: same enviroment and same genetics
DZ: same enviroment and diferent genetics

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20
Q

what is the methodology in behavioral genetics ?

A

-twin studies:compare similarities of traits in MZ(caused by genetics) vs DZ twin(caused by environment)
ex:substance abuse

-adoption studies:compare similarities of traits between parents and biological vs adopted kids

-MZ twins raised apart (most likely case studies)
-best design is to simply look at the similarities of the trait then it means its genetics

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21
Q

what are the issues with behavioral genetics methodologicas

A

-twin studies: equal environment assumption
- is the amount of shared environment with DZ
and MZ twins are really the same?
-adoption studies
-representativness
- selective placement:some times parents request kids who are similar to them (like race,religion,region etc)

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22
Q

what are some other limitations?

A

-the assumption that genes and enviroment are independent but the reality is that certain genotypes and environments may be associated with environment

passive,active,reactive

genetic dispositions : passive/their genetic dipose them environments,manipulation of the environment and reaction others do that
ex;reading books

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23
Q

what have twin studies revealed as important influences of personality(3)?

A

-genetic influence:genes individuals inherit from their parents

-shared environment:environment effect shared by family members
(parenting style,environment,schools,material
sources etc.)

-non-shared environment:environment effects unique to the individual-not shared by family members
(illnesses,friends,teachers,being treated
different by parents )

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24
Q

what have twin studies revealed as important influences of personality?

A

genetic effect
-what parents pass on to their children
-100% shared between MZtwins,50% shared by DZ

environment effects
-shared: family and environmental influences that affect MZ/DZ are similar
-non-shared:family and environmental influences that affect MZ/DZ differently

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25
Q

what is the difference between shared enviroment and non-shared environment ? (give some examples)

A

-shared environment:environment effect shared by family members
(parenting style,environment,schools,material
sources etc.)

-non-shared environment:environment effects unique to the individual-not shared by family members
(illnesses,friends,teachers,being treated
different by parents )

26
Q

What of the 3 is more important to personality?

A

-most personality traits have some genetic components
-non-shared environmental experiences have a very strong
-shared environmental experiences have little impact on personality

27
Q

what was the new zealand twin study ?

A

-measured self-esteem:two teachers reported
-measured parent-child relationship
-mother’s expressed emotion
- mother spoke about each twin for 5 min
- negative emotion expressed towards child coded from tapes

28
Q

do parents matter?

A

-yes
- the unique relationship between the mother and each child predicts the unique self-esteem of each child(non-shared environment )

genetics more though6

-kids’personality is strongly influenced by their individual relationships and life experiences

29
Q

so what are the conclusions from behavioural genetic reserch

A

-all personality traits are at least partially heritable
-the effect of being raised in the same family is smaller than the effect of genes
-much of the variance inpersonality is not due to genes or shared family experience but unique experiences(not-shared) and unique paren-child relationship

30
Q

what family enviroments influence aspects of a person ?

A

-attitude
-religious belif
-political orientations
-health behaviour(substance abuse is known to correlate with environment-family substance abuse)

31
Q

which traits are more heritable?

A

-neuroticism
-imagination
-aggression
—————-
least heritable
-social closeness
-achivment orientation

32
Q

how can self-esteem affect personality,IQ,sexual orientation,political & religion even divorce be heritable?

A

genes> neurotransmitters,hormones,physiological arousal>thoughs and feelings>personality>divorce

33
Q

what are some current genetics research on personality?

A

molecular genetics - genetic markers of trait
neurotransmitters-dopamin
hormons-testosterone
neuro-anatomy

34
Q

which are the personality traits that have the strongest biological basis?

A

extraversion and neuroticism

35
Q

what are the personality traits presented in birth that affect adults traits?

A

-excitability(neurocism)
-sociability(extraversion)
-activity level(extraversion)
temperament is known as a child to be related to adult peronality

36
Q

what was eysenck’s theory on extraversion and introvertion?

A

extraversion and introversion represent different levels of psychological arousal

37
Q

exreaverts

A

below prefer level(under aroused)
-seek out social interaction for stimulation(to go up)

38
Q

introverts

A

above prefer/optimal level(over-aroused)
-avoid excessive stimulation

39
Q

what is the difference between being shy and a introvert

A

shy people wqant to be and particpate in social interaction they are just not able to do to internal reasons/being scared, introverts in the hand just don’t want to be in social interactions

40
Q

what is an evidence of Eysenck’s theory?

A

introversts prefer and perform better in quite places
-like a library
extraverts perform better and prefer to perform in places with higher volume (heart rate is higher in response to music volume)
-like a cafe/loud music

ex:when they study for an exam
this shows how stimulus > arousal> affect their behaviour

41
Q

another type of evidence

A

bedtime
-introverts may be more morning people-quiter
-extraverts night people(louder)

42
Q

what is another type of evidence

A

recreational drug use
-extraverts tend to use stimulants(cocain,coffee)
-introverts tend to use sedatives(heroin,cannabis)

43
Q

Jefrrey Gray theory in extraverst and intraverts

A

-reinforcement senstivity (how sensitive are your rewards amd punishments
-two systems
–Behavioral Activation System(BAS)
- -Behavioural Inhibition System(BIS)

44
Q

what are the Behavioral Activation System(BAS) ? on switch

A

Behavioral Activation System(BAS) - activation and approch
-sensitive to reward
-releses dopamine
-strong BAS;highly impulsivness,low-gratification delay,extreme novelty-seekers
-linked positive emotionality

45
Q

what is Behavioural Inhibition System(BIS) -off switch

A

-difference in novalty and punishment/imhibitation and avoidance
-lower levels of seratonin
=people with strong BIS:very fearful,insecure,hyper-cautioous
-linked to negative emotionality

46
Q

what are psychopaths?

A

higher BAS and lower BIS

47
Q

how do we measure BIS and BAS

A

by using the lecker scale
rate yourself in this particular trait

1—————-2————————3———————4——————–5
not true of me very true of me

48
Q

how can we intergrate Gray and Ersenck theories

A

gray’s dimension (two dimension)are a rotation of Esenck’s dimensions(4 dimension)
-they both have extraversion and neuroticism
High BAS E+N+ (extravert)
High BIS E-N+ (introvert)

49
Q

what are the most important neurotransmitters, hormonses in personality?

A

-dopamin
-serotonin
-testosterone

50
Q

what is the relatio between mice and dopamin

A

-mice will try to push a lever for hours to get dopamin
-high dopamine miced(genetically modified) ver active
-low dopamin miced don’t eat or drink much

51
Q

what is dopamin?

A
  • a kind of neurotransmitter/hormone that make us feel good.
    -linked to BAS(increased after sex,good meal and cocain
    -genetic basis for sensation seeking (looking to have more stimulus )
    -long version of dopaminereceptor(D4DR)=
    high sensation seeking
    - long receptors are less effective at binding
    with
    dopamin,individual seeks novelty to increse
    dopamin once again
    -senation seeking is highly heritable(50%)
52
Q

what is serotonin

A

-a hormone,neurotransmitter
-negatively related to behavioural inhibition system (BIS)=lower in the BIS
-low soratine relates to depression and anxiety
-MDMA drug- increases soratine
-SSRI medical drug like Prozac incres serotin

53
Q

how does testosterone affect Grey’s theory/ensick

A

linked to agression
higher testosterones in boys at birth> incred aggression in boys - not girls
men convicted of violent crimes has higher testosterone levels then non-violent crimes
-for low income not high income-firm take over

54
Q

what is the neuro-anatomic approch to personality?

A

there are regions in the brain associated with particular aspects of personality,emotion and behaviour

55
Q

right prefrontal cortex

A

-withdrawl(BIS)

56
Q

left prefrontal cortex

A

-approch(BAS)

57
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

-anticipation of reward and punishment(BIS and BAS)

58
Q

medial prefrontal cortex

A

-self-referential judgments(the self)

59
Q

amygdala

A

-fear,emotion recognition

60
Q

how can we connect brain,psysiology and genes?

A

genes>different neuro-anatomy
brain activity in different regions> neurotransmitters and hormones
neurochemicals>personality

61
Q

how can we apply neuroscience/physiological approch: in sensation-seeking ?

A

high sensation seekers have different brains than low sensation seekers
-different anatomically
-different neural activation patterns
-different level of neurotransmitters

psychology of personality (16 decks)

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