culture perspective on personality

Question 1

what is culture?

Answer 1

a shared system of meaning that provide the standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating,communicating, and acting among those who share a language, a historical period and a geographic location

culture are game rules

Question 2

does culture = race / ethnicity?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

Culture and personality (Mead)

Answer 3

how we respond to a situation is due to personality, our personality if culture is understood

Question 4

modern culture view

Answer 4

personality traits as products of biological and cultural evolution

culture>personality

personality is dependent with the meaning and practice of a particular sociocultural context(interactions)

a cultural psychological perspective implies that there is no personality without culture,there is only a biological entity (nature vs nature)

Question 5

there is also no culture without personality

Answer 5

personality meaning in artifacts people use (living spaces,consumers preferences,preferred icons) and institutions they support{personality>culture}

the use and availability of these cultural products,in turn,perpetuates particular behavioral, affective , and cognitive tendacies (personality). [culture>personality}

Question 6

reserch on cross-cultural differences in personality

Answer 6

-lexical approch

using natural languague as a window to study cultural universals/differences in personality

Question 7

fundamental lexical hypothasis

Answer 7

those psychological constructuts that are the most salient and socially relevant in people’s lives will eventually become encoded into their language ; the more important the construct is

1- the more likely it is to be expressed as a word and more likely to have other words for it

2-the more languages and cultures will have a word for it

Question 8

do the Big 5 traits replicate across cultures?

Answer 8

yes,in spain-using translated american measure

Question 9

what are the limitation of this study ?

Answer 9

need a study that

-identifies the basic indigenous dimensions of personality description in Spanish

-assesses the overlap between these indigenous Spanish dimensions the American Big 5

Question 10

combined etic/emic aproch

Question 11

emic aproch

Answer 11

uses indegenous measures

-self-reports on 299 indegenous Spanish personality adjectives from the dictionary

Question 12

Etic approch

Answer 12

imported measures

-self reports on spanish-translated Big 5 questionairs

traduzidos do ingles

Question 13

7 indigenous spanish personality dimension #

Answer 13

positive valence
opness
Plesentness
Engagement
negative valence
contiaciousness
agrebleness

Question 14

do emic and etic personality dimension overlap?#

Answer 14

plesentness for the imported big 7 is extraversion

engagement is neuroticism

Question 15

what was the conclusion of the study ?

Answer 15

their is an overlap between the spanish grande 7 and American big 7

-exceptions:plesentness and engagement instead extraversion and neuroticism

also opness not quite the same (bohemian,mystical,quant,gossiping ,disclosing,nosy vs open minded …)

positive and negative valence seems fairly robust across these 2 cultures

Question 16

cultural diferences in personality

Answer 16

individualism vs collectivism

extent to which the self defined as bound and separate on others around him/her

Question 17

individualism(western culture)

Answer 17

focus on what you want
minimizes role of others in self’s behaviours
use self-descriptive traits to describe the self(ex:funny)

Question 18

collectivism(easter culture)

Answer 18

emphasis on relationship witn the group

goal to fit in and promote group harmony

use interpersonal role to describe the self(I’m a sister,canadian)

Question 19

criticisms of collectivist/individualistic approch

Answer 19

what countries are we talking about ?
almost all study evidence is us compared to japan

overgenaralization
people from each culture may be interdependent or independent
may also very by context

Question 20

what are the cultural syndromes?

Answer 20

1-individualistic/collectivness

2-vertical/horizontal relationships - power difference

3.uncertainty avoidance

4.gender socialization

Question 21

2.vertical/horizontal relationships

Answer 21

emphasis on hierchy and statues versus equality;egalitarism

Question 22

ex:

Answer 22

vertical, individuaslistic = usa

vertical , collectivistic= india

individualistic,horizontal=sweden

collective ,horizontal-israli kibbutz

Question 23

evoked culture vs egalitarism

Answer 23

evoked culture:cultural differences that emerge as a result of different environment
ex:climate,means of substance,affects on geography

Question 24

Egalitarism (vertical vs horizontal)

Answer 24

is correleted with how variable the food supply is

less food supply> horizontal culture
-want to make sure you are friendly with others,cause they might share -

high food suply >vertical culture

Question 25

culture of honor

Answer 25

in culture of honor,insults must be responded to with aggression depends on economics : -in culture based on (pastores) , must build reputation (honor) to prevent thivery -in cultures based on agricultural(more settled),entire means of substance is less easily stolen

Question 26

evidence of culture of honor

Answer 26

-USA north vs south how people respond to insults ? -south favor violence more than north -south economy historically linked to herding -south violence is specific to reputation insults

Question 27

lab study that supports this idea,in which people were actually insulted by cofederents

Answer 27

-south people responded with higher cartisol and testosterone -south show higher implicit association with valiont words,more aggressive respond

Question 28

3.uncertainty avoidence

Answer 28

tolerance for ambigulity and confort in unstructured situations vs strong beliefs in rules,codes of conduct,safety and security (follow rules/laws vs don't follow rules/laws) ex:Canada vs brasil

Question 29

4. gender socialization

Answer 29

men as dominant and competitive and women as narturing and caring vs lower differentiation between the sexes ex:Iran vs USA

Question 30

reserch on personality and cultural syndromes

Answer 30

-broad scope:33 nations -each sample filled out questionnaire assessing the Big 5 -reserch question: How does personality correlates with the Big four cultural syndrome ?

Question 31

How does personality correlates with the Big four cultural syndrome?

Answer 31

individualism(E+) Power distances(E-,C+,O-) Masculinity(O+,N+,A-) Uncertainty avoidance (N+,A-) personality is linked to culture

Question 32

Cultural Syndromes Across Nations

Answer 32

Individualism: developed and Western countries Collectivism: developing and Eastern countries -Japan is mid-level High Power distance: Latin, Asian, and African countries Low Power distance: Germanic countries High Uncertainty avoidance: Latin countries, Japan, German-speaking countries Low Uncertainty avoidance: Anglo, Nordic, Chinese cultures High Gender socialization: Japan, some European countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) Moderate Gender socialization: English-speaking countries Low Gender socialization: Nordic countries, Netherlands, some Latin and Asian countries (Thailand)

Question 33

how does culture create national personality differences?

Answer 33

transmitted culture

Question 34

transmitted culture

Answer 34

culture-specifc ideas,values and belifs that are transmitted to others within the culture -through socialization,taught to children ex: moral behaviour(culture differentiate morality)

Question 35

does transmitted Culture Affects Subjective Well-Being?

Answer 35

Rice & Steele (2004) compared SWB of citizens in 20 nations with SWB of Americans who had ancestors from those nations -general social survey (GSS): us survey taken all together,how would you say things are these days would you say they are: -very happy -pretty happy -or not to happy -world values survey (WVS): 20 nations survey taking all things together,would you say you are -very happy -quite happy -not very happy

Question 36

what was the result

Answer 36

it was highly correleted how you feel with what others in the culture of your ancestors feel (not ancerstors though) - .62

Question 37

what could be the cause of this connection ?

Answer 37

how often they go to church - the same church as their ancestors - more correlated they are to people who are in the same cultural group of your ancestors

Question 38

how do individuals who have internalized more than one culture navigates between their different and opposing cultural identity?

Question 39

two types of identities for bilinguals

Answer 39

-compatible cultural identity -oppositional cultural identity

Question 40

compatible cultural identities

Answer 40

-uneflicted identities -co-exist -''im both'' -''american and mexican'' -fluid view of culture -complementary: biculture as an asset

Question 41

oppositional cultural identities

Answer 41

-conflict identities -choose one or the other -im a Chinese in America -essentialist view of culture -dissociation(biculturalism as a burden )

Question 42

reserch question

Answer 42

do bicultural individuals average across their different cultural orientation,switch between them or simply adopt one and abandon the other

Question 43

cognitive perspective approach to culture

Answer 43

-culture as shared meanin-systems - sets of ideas,values,beliefs and emotions organized schemas -individuals can possess more than one cultural meaning system culture guides behaviour only when the relevant meaning system are cognitively Available,Accessible and Applicable

Question 44

Cultural Frame-Switching in Biculturals: Evidence

Answer 44

4 studies, Chinese-American bicultural samples from Hong-Kong and US Manipulation: Activation of US or Chinese cultural meaning system through priming - images of each culture / whitten an essay about Chinese or American culture showed a picture :liked the fish Dependent Variable: internal (individualistic) vs. external (collectivistic) explanations for an ambiguous social event

Question 45

result

Answer 45

prime american images > internal attribution-individualistic priming Chinese images >external attribution - collective

Question 46

overall

Answer 46

biculturals have multiple cultural meaning systems and can move between them in response to cultural cues Without priming, biculturals’ baseline cognitive attributions fall in between the American and Chinese primed versions