Evolutionary perspective Flashcards
evolutionary perspective
We are biologically programmed to engage in behaviors
that facilitate___ and _____(feal in the black)
survival and reproduction
what do these behaviours do?
they maximize the likehood that our genes will be past down/will survive
what is natural selection?
is the process by which adaptive behaviors are selected
- people that have genes for adaptive behaviour are able to survive while the ones that don’t die
what is the result of all of this?
is a human nature that reflects behaviours that have been adaptive thought evolutionary history
to study personallity from an evolutionary perspective, think about how personality traits might be adaptive
-does a particular trait increses likehood of survival
-does a particular trait increases your likelihood to find a mate
-does a trait influence the likelihood that relatives will survive(inclusive fitness)
what is inclusive fitness?
-explains behaviours that seem maladaptive
-self-sacrifice,altruism
-prediction more altruism towards kin that non-kin
what are the evidence that evoulutionary perspective has anything to do with personality?
-humans across cultures and non-human primates show similar social behaviours
-all of these behaviours promotes survival and reproduction
-universal emotions
what dis Ekman did?
he found that Fore tribe in New Guinea recognized western emotion expressions
why are emotion expressions adaptive?
sends messages that can save lives of sender and receiver(natural selection and inclusive fitness
what each emotions meas?
fear-dont attack
happy-im friendly
sad-i need confort
disgust-this food will make u sick
anger-im going to attack
surprise - look over there
why would a pride expression be adaptive?
occurs after sucess, so many communicate sucess to others
I’m successful person u should follow me
why is it adaptive for pride look like this?
-head and neck tilted slightly back
-look above others
-expanded posture
- draws attention,bigger
-slight smile
- social cohesion
burkina faso study
-to study if pride is universal
-group of researchers went to burkina where most of the population were subsistence farmers and had no contact with west-culture
-they weren’t literate
-no formal education
-showed a picture to them and asked them to identify what the person was feeling/representing
what was the result
pride was found 57% of the participant guess correctly that the foto was showing pride-it was a pretty good score competing to recognizing happiness with 88%
it was still lower than western results, why?
-complicated procedure
-novelty tesk
-previous reserch on preliterarte cultures have very low recognition in general
what is olympic judo study?
a study done to see if after a win on a olympic level competitions players would show signs of pride across the world
what was the result?
-arms were raised,arms out,fists were the most popular signs of pride
-although all countries showed signs of pride after a win,America has showed the biggest
is pride a innate ( a learned display)?
for that we use the paralympics judo study
what was the Paralympics Judo Study?
it was a study that would observe how blind athlet winners of judo competitions would act after winning
-this way showing that they were imitating the pose that it is sterotypical as pride/ as they never have seen it before/it would be natural-evolutionary
what was the result?
most winners
diplayed arms out and arms raised
but they did displayed smile or fists
so is pride one of the universal emotions ?
yes (suprise,fear,happines,anger,sadness,disgust,pride)
theoughout evolutionary history, what were women and men different problems in reproduction ?
-men: need to make sure they invest in their children(not somebody else’s)
-women: need to find a mate who will provide resources during the pregnancy and after
what are two hypothesis as how do they deal with these needs
-jelousy is the adaptive solution:motivates people to make sure they are not being cheated on
-gender differences in mating problems should lead to gender differences in source of jealousy
what are the different source of jealousy for each gender(Buss, Larsen, Westen, &
Semmelroth) ?
-men:sexual jelousy
-women:emotional jelousy
what are some evidence of this ?
-gender difference replicate across culture
-men show higher physiological arousal (sweat,hart rate) during sexual infidelity imagery then emotional
women show higher phisio arousal during emotional infidelity imagery
women show better memory in emotional infidelity and men show better memory in sexula infidelity(we pay attention to what is important to us)
what is double shot?(Buss)
the tendacy of women more likely to think that for men being in love means ALSO having sex
the tendacy of men more likely to think for women having sex means ALSO in love
jealousy difference due to double shot
even when participants were told to assume NO SEX,NO LoVE
what was the Cognitive Load study?
found that women become busy with another task and they were asked about which one was worst they said sexual infidelity more problematic
should we expect our brain to regulate responses of infidelity automatically ?
what is the Distinct emotion finding ?
-sexual infidality leads to anger
-emotional infidality leads to sadness
men find anger more problametic/worst and women find sadness more problametic
what is another evidence for Buss et.al account of involved sex Difference
-men usually hope to have more sex then women
-men also would aceppt more sex if approach by stranger then a women
why might human place importance on The Big Five (traits)?
because they inherit psychological mechanisms and behavioral strategies that developed to help us solve problems of survival and reproduction
extraversion(social skills,activity,leadership)
survival problems:social rank,coorperation
emotional stability=N(anxiety,worry,self-approval)
resillience to stress,adaptability
Agreebleness(empathy,generosity,conformity)
mating,altruism
Conscientiousness(will,no impulsivness,responsability)
work,trust,dependability
Openness(curiosity,criativity,flexability)
learning,exploration,versatility
if the whole point of the big 5 is variation,what is adaptive then?
the way people percive them big 5
can/is each trait be completely adaptive?
no, because we woudnt see a normal variation on traits in all human population.
heritability of that variation suggest that the variation is what is adaptive
what the benefits and costs of each trait?
extraversion
benefits: mating sucess,social allies
cons:family stability,psysical risks
neuriticism
benefits:vigilant to danger,striving and competivness
costs:stress and depression
openness
benefits:creativity,attractiveness
costs:unusual beliefs
conscientious
benefits:attention,life expectancy,desirable social qualities
costs:rigidity,obsenionality
agreebleness
benefits:attention to mental state of others,harmonious interpersonal relationships
costs:failure to maximize selfish advantages
