T3.1 Genes Flashcards
Gene
A section of DNA that determines or influences a trait
Locus
The position where a specific gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome. (where a gene is located)
Father of genetics
Gregor Mendal, studied pea plants
Allele
Variations of the gene for a single trait
Multiple alleles
More than two alleles for a trait Ex: blood types (A, B, O, AB)
What are single nucleotide polymorphisms?
Many different versions of bases that can replace a nucleotide
Mutation
Changes in DNA that can occur randomly or from external factrs
What protein is affected by the sickle cell mutation?
Hemoglobin
Type of gene change that occurs during sickle cell
Base subsitituion mutation
What base is subsituted for what in sickle cell anemia?
Changes a single T -> A
What amino acid is switched for what in sickle cell anemia?
Glutamic acid to valine
How are the blood cells affected by sickle cell anemia?
Gives the cells a “sickle” shape
How does the change in blood cell shape in sickle cell anemia affect their function?
decreases the O2 that cells can carry and can also result in clogged capillaries.
Genome
the entirety of an organism’s genetic information
What does the human genome consist of?
the DNA molecules that form the chromosomes in the nucleus, and the DNA molecules in the mitochondrion
What do plant genomes consist of?
the DNA molecules of chromosomes in the nucleus plus the DNA in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
What do prokaryote genomes consist of?
thhe DNA in the circular chromosome, plus any plasmids that are present.
When did the Human Genome Project begin?
1990
What was the aim of the Human Genome Project?
To find the DNA sequences of the human genome
