T1.1 Introduction to Cells

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypothesis

Question 2

The 3 points of the cell theory

Answer 2

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of living organisms.
Smallest organisms are unicellular while larger organisms are multicellular.
New cells arise from pre-existing ones.

Question 3

4 features all cells have in common

Answer 3

Surrounded by a membrane that separates the cell content from the environment
Genetic material stores the information
Chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes
Energy release systems that power the cell’s activities

Question 4

Why is striated muscle an exception to the cell theory

Answer 4

They have multiple nuclei despite being surrounded by a single membrane

Question 5

Why is is giant algae an exception to the cell theory

Answer 5

Very large, complex continuous cytoplasm. Their caps can be removed and then regenerated, and the caps can be switched.

Question 6

Microscope eyepiece

Answer 6

place to put your eyes f the top of microscope, standard magnification is 10x

Question 7

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Answer 7

Allows for quick focusing by moving the lens or stage up or down, used for initial focusing

Question 8

Fine adjustment knob

Answer 8

a precise control used to fine tune focus the image when viewing at the higher magnifications

Question 9

Objective lenses

Answer 9

Major lenses used for specimen visualization, magnification power of 40x-100x, 1-4 lenses on one microscope, each lenses has it’s own magnification power

Question 10

diaphragm (in microscope)

Answer 10

controls the amount of light passing through the specimen

Question 11

Equation for total magnification

Answer 11

Eye piece x objective lense

Question 12

Important rules for drawing

Answer 12

Sharp pencil with hard lead to draw simple sharp lines,
Join up lines carefully to for continuous structures such as cells
Draw lines freehand, but use a ruler for labeling lines

Question 13

Functions of Life

Answer 13

nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis, reproduction
GRR NEHM

Question 14

Emergent Properties

Answer 14

Arise from the interaction of the component parts of a complex structure

Question 15

Nutrition

Answer 15

Obtaining food to provide energy

Question 16

Growth

Answer 16

Irreversible change in cell size

Question 17

Metabolism

Answer 17

All chemical reactions

Question 18

Response

Answer 18

Ability to react to changes in the environment

Question 19

Excretion

Answer 19

Rid of waste products of metabolism

Question 20

Homeostasis

Answer 20

Inside balance outside

Question 21

Reproduction

Answer 21

Producing offspring either sexually or asexually

Question 22

Explain “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

Answer 22

Individual cells with different functions are organized and interact with each other to form a living organism with distinctive overall properties

Question 23

Example of emergent properties

Answer 23

organism, eye, liver

Question 24

Division of Labor

Answer 24

Different cells preform different functions

Question 25

Tissue

Answer 25

Group of cells specialized to perform the same function

Question 26

Cell differentiation

Answer 26

The development of cells in different ways to carry out specific functions

Question 27

Gene expression

Answer 27

Turning on and off genes

Question 28

Relationship between gene expression and cell differentiation

Answer 28

Gene expression leads to cell differentiation

Question 29

Micrograph

Answer 29

Picture taken with a microscope to show a magnified image of an object

Question 30

Euqation to find magnification

Answer 30

M = Size of Image/size of actual speciman

Question 31

Scale bars

Answer 31

A line drawn near a micrograph or draw of a magnified image which has a label showing the actual length of the bar before being magnified

Question 32

Undifferentiated cell

Answer 32

not yet a specific type of cell

Question 33

Zygote

Answer 33

fertilized egg

Question 34

Terminally differentiated

Answer 34

cell has become a certain cell type and will no long divide

Question 35

2 key properties of stem cells

Answer 35

they can divide constantly to produce large quantities of new cells
they can differentiate in different ways to produce different cell types

Question 36

Totipotent

Answer 36

8 cells of the morula, can differentiate into any types of cell including placental cells, can give rise to complete organisms

Question 37

Pluripotent

Answer 37

embryonic stem cells of the blastocyst, can differentiate into all body cells, but cannot give rise to a whole organism

Question 38

Multipotent

Answer 38

Umbilical cord stem cells, can differentiate into a few closely related body cells

Question 39

Unipotent

Answer 39

can only differentiate into their associated cell type

Question 40

Limitations of having too big of a cell

Answer 40

The plasma membrane will not have enough surace area to support the rate of diffusion required for the increased volume.
The larger the cell, the more demand the cell places on its DNA

Question 41

How is gene expression related to cell differentiation?

Answer 41

Gene expression leads to cell differentation

Question 42

How many micrometers are in a millimeter?

Answer 42

1000 um

Question 43

Magnification equation

Answer 43

Magnification = image size/ actual size

Question 44

What conditions/diseases can stem cells possibly treat?

Answer 44

Stargart disease - can produce good retina cells
Lukemia - can produce good white blood cells by transplanting bone marrow