T1.1 Introduction to Cells Flashcards
Covers cell properties, microscopes, and stem cells
Theory
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypothesis
The 3 points of the cell theory
Cells are the fundamental building blocks of living organisms.
Smallest organisms are unicellular while larger organisms are multicellular.
New cells arise from pre-existing ones.
4 features all cells have in common
Surrounded by a membrane that separates the cell content from the environment
Genetic material stores the information
Chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes
Energy release systems that power the cell’s activities
Why is striated muscle an exception to the cell theory
They have multiple nuclei despite being surrounded by a single membrane
Why is is giant algae an exception to the cell theory
Very large, complex continuous cytoplasm. Their caps can be removed and then regenerated, and the caps can be switched.
Microscope eyepiece
place to put your eyes f the top of microscope, standard magnification is 10x
Coarse Adjustment Knob
Allows for quick focusing by moving the lens or stage up or down, used for initial focusing
Fine adjustment knob
a precise control used to fine tune focus the image when viewing at the higher magnifications
Objective lenses
Major lenses used for specimen visualization, magnification power of 40x-100x, 1-4 lenses on one microscope, each lenses has it’s own magnification power
diaphragm (in microscope)
controls the amount of light passing through the specimen
Equation for total magnification
Eye piece x objective lense
Important rules for drawing
Sharp pencil with hard lead to draw simple sharp lines,
Join up lines carefully to for continuous structures such as cells
Draw lines freehand, but use a ruler for labeling lines
Functions of Life
nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis, reproduction
GRR NEHM
Emergent Properties
Arise from the interaction of the component parts of a complex structure
Nutrition
Obtaining food to provide energy
Growth
Irreversible change in cell size
Metabolism
All chemical reactions
Response
Ability to react to changes in the environment
Excretion
Rid of waste products of metabolism
Homeostasis
Inside balance outside
Reproduction
Producing offspring either sexually or asexually
Explain “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
Individual cells with different functions are organized and interact with each other to form a living organism with distinctive overall properties
Example of emergent properties
organism, eye, liver
Division of Labor
Different cells preform different functions
Tissue
Group of cells specialized to perform the same function
Cell differentiation
The development of cells in different ways to carry out specific functions
Gene expression
Turning on and off genes
Relationship between gene expression and cell differentiation
Gene expression leads to cell differentiation
Micrograph
Picture taken with a microscope to show a magnified image of an object
Euqation to find magnification
M = Size of Image/size of actual speciman
Scale bars
A line drawn near a micrograph or draw of a magnified image which has a label showing the actual length of the bar before being magnified
Undifferentiated cell
not yet a specific type of cell
Zygote
fertilized egg
Terminally differentiated
cell has become a certain cell type and will no long divide
2 key properties of stem cells
they can divide constantly to produce large quantities of new cells
they can differentiate in different ways to produce different cell types
Totipotent
8 cells of the morula, can differentiate into any types of cell including placental cells, can give rise to complete organisms
Pluripotent
embryonic stem cells of the blastocyst, can differentiate into all body cells, but cannot give rise to a whole organism
Multipotent
Umbilical cord stem cells, can differentiate into a few closely related body cells
Unipotent
can only differentiate into their associated cell type
Limitations of having too big of a cell
The plasma membrane will not have enough surace area to support the rate of diffusion required for the increased volume.
The larger the cell, the more demand the cell places on its DNA
How is gene expression related to cell differentiation?
Gene expression leads to cell differentation
How many micrometers are in a millimeter?
1000 um
Magnification equation
Magnification = image size/ actual size
What conditions/diseases can stem cells possibly treat?
Stargart disease - can produce good retina cells
Lukemia - can produce good white blood cells by transplanting bone marrow
