T3: Behavioral Training and Interventions Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
associative learning
-Ivan Pavlov
-conditioned fear
What is instrumental conditioning?
Operant
-Consequences –> learned through rewards/punishment
-positive and negative punishment or reinforcers
What is habituation?
natural response
- ending of/ decrease in response to a stimulus that results from repeated or prolonged exposure to that stimulus
What is desensitization?
stimulus is presented below the threshold that evokes fear and intensity is gradually raised
What is counterconditioning
to reduce unwanted behavior by teaching the pet to replace it with a more favorable behavior
- ex: replace barking at door with grabbing a toy
what is shaping?
learning technique that works well for dogs who don’t know what respopnse is desired by trainer
- gradual approximation
- ex: When teaching sit, everytime the dog takes a step back or squats they get a treat. We continue to shape this until they fully begin to sit
what is extinction?
trained
- removal of a behavior, extreme form of negative punishment
- requires a continuous schedule
- ex: dog that jumps up on people for attention
What if flooding?
prolonged exposure to a stimulus until the pet eventually stops reacting
- opposite of desensitization
- more stress and fear
What is positive/negative punishment and reinforcement?
positive
- adding something
- giving treats or a shock
negative
- removing something
- removing pressure or a toy
punishment
- decreases the probability of a behavior
reinforcement
- increases the probability of behavior
What is a neurological condition that impacts behavior/ learning?
polymorphism in dopamine receptor D4
- DRD4 –? impacts cognitive and emotional behavior
-Exon 3
- higher exploratory activity
- ADHD association
inability to relax, spontaneous activity, poor attention span, etc
How does DRD4 impact German Shepherds and Siberian Huskies?
G-Shepherds
- DRD4 exon 3 is linked to activity and impulsivity
Siberian Huskies
- short alleles of DRD4 is linked to activity, impulsivity and inattention
Identify the pharmacological intervention in behavioral medicine.
-not a subtitute to behavior work up
- open to client abuse
- not useful alone
- extra- label administration (ELDU)
What are antipsychotics?
Acepromazine
-problems with car travel, management fears, and phobia
- blocks dopaminergic receptors
- behavioral disinhibitition
What are the pros and cons of antipsychotics?
Benefits
- Dogs and cats
- Sedative properties
Side effects
- Lower threshold of seizures (lower electrical pulse limit in the brain for the seizure to occur)
- Platelet function
What are Azapirones?
Buspirone (5HT1A agonist)
-treats urine spraying in cats
What are pros and cons of Azapirones?
Benefits
- Timid cats have more confidence
- Does not interfere with learning
- Minimal withdrawal problems
Side effects
- Paradoxical increase in aggression in some
What are Benzodiazepines (BZDS)?
- Alprazolam, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, and oxazepam*
- anxiolytic properties (anxiety/ phobias)
- Act on GABA receptors (inhibits CNS)
What are the pros and cons of BZDS?
Benefits
- Rapid onset
Side effects
- Sedation
- Ataxia
- Appetite
- Idiopathic hepatic necrosis in cats
- Discontinuation syndrome
- Can not be abruptly termination
What are Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?
Clomipramine
- anti-compulsive effects
- separation anxiety
- aggression
-inhibit reuptake norepinephrine + serotonin
- storm phobia, urine spraying, compulsive disord.
What are pros and cons of TCAs?
Benefits
- Decreases reactivity, aggression, and fear
Side effects
- Sedation
- GI
- Urinary retention
What is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
Fluoxetine, prozac, reconcile
-used for separation anxiety
increase serotonin level
What are the pros and cons of SSRIs?
Benefits
- Little effect on other neurotransmitters
Side effects
- Do NOT stop taking this abruptly
- Can take up a few weeks until full effects are seen
What is Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
selegiline
-inhibitor of MAO-B
- prolongs the presence and actions of dopamine
-cognitive decline
- should not be given with SSRIs. TCAs, or acapirones
- CAN be given with BZDs
What are the remaining 3 drugs?
Beta blockers
- anxieties with somatic signs
Anti-epileptic
- gabapentin
carbamazepine
What are alternative treatments to medicine?
Synthetic pheromones
- adaptil, feliway
Nutritional supplements
- Solliquin, Zylkene
Diet changes
Flower essence
- modulate emotions conditions
Herbal remedies
- can enhance healing process
- relieve pain and calming effect
Homeopathic remedies
- some animals respond by “normalizing” aberrant behavior
Aromatherapy
- triggers parts of the brain to enhance/ dampen emotional responses`
