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COMP HEALTH > T1: Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

T1: Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pupillary light reflex?

A

The size of the pupil at rest represents a balance between two antagonistic forces
1. amount of light stimulating the retina
2. the emotional status of the patient

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2
Q

Describe the importance of the light amount got the pupillary light reflex

A

the amount of light stimulating the retina and influencing the oculomotor neurons to constrict the pupil
- miosis: parasympathetic innervation through CN III

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3
Q

Describe the importance of the emotional status of the patient for the pupillary light reflex

A

the emotional status of the patient influences the sympathetic system and causes pupillary dilation (mydriasis)

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4
Q

Describe the resting pupil

A

both pupillary dilator (sympathetic) and antagonistic pupillary sphincter (parasympathetic)

-the relative resting parasympathetic/sympathetic innervation and resulting muscle tone determine the size of the pupil

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5
Q

What is the pupillary sphincter

A

-constrictor/ the more powerful muscles

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6
Q

Dilated pupil?

A
  • sympathetic
  • mydriasis
    -muscle contraction increases pupil size
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7
Q

Constricted pupil?

A
  • parasympathetic
    -miosis
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8
Q

What is the pupillary light reflex (PLR)?

A

bright light shone into one eye at a time
- both pupils should constrict
-Direct response: tested eye
-Consensual/indirect response: opposite eye

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9
Q

When/how does a blink response occur?

A
  • the dazzle reflex
    -Facial nerve CN VII
    -When a bright light is initially flashed into the eye
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10
Q

what is the pupillary escape?

A

If a poor-quality light source is used the stimulated pupil may dilate slightly with continued stimulation

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11
Q

What is a clinical response?

A

The direct response in the eye which is stimulated by light
- pupil constriction is stronger in this eye than in the opposite eye (consensual/indirect response)

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12
Q

What is the afferent pathway?

A

stimulation of the retinal receptors by light
- optic nerve (CN II) to optic chiasm to optic tract to CN III Nucleus (oculomotor nerve)

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13
Q

What is the efferent pathway?

A

begins in the parasympathetic nucleus of CN III in the mesencephalon on the stimulated side – the CN III — leaves the skull via the orbital fissure — synapses behind the eye (ciliary ganglion) — the pupillary constrictor muscles to cause constriction of the pupil (miosis)

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14
Q

How does the consensual/ indirect PLR pathway occur?

A

stimulation of the contralateral CN III parasympathetic nucleus results from some fibers of the CN II (optic nerve) that cross over (decussation at the optic chiasm)

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15
Q

The PLR evaluate _____reflex …

A

subcortical reflex/ no cerebral cortex function, menace response yes!

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16
Q

What is the menace response?

A

This is a cortically mediated eyelid closure produced by a threatening or unexpected gesture suddenly appearing in the near visual field

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17
Q

When does the menace response appear?

A

it is a learned response, not a reflex, to a perceived threat

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18
Q

What pathway does the menace response use?

A

visual stimulus is relayed contralaterally in CN II (optic nerve) to the occipital cortex via thalamus.
- motor cortex stimulates the ipsilateral facial nerve (CN VII) to cause eyelid closure

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19
Q

Pupillary reflex check what?
Menace response check what?

A

PR: Subcortical structures
MR: cerebral cortex

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20
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues in the body?

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissue
  3. muscle tissue
  4. nervous tissue
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21
Q

special distinction of epithelium

A

tissues is not penetrated by blood vessels but rather they receive nutrition and discharge waste by diffusion via blood vessels in the underlying or neighboring connective tissue

22
Q

Names of the epithelium

A

simple: one layer
stratified: two or more layers
squamous: thin and plate like
cubical: equal in height and width
columnar: cells are taller than they are wide

23
Q

What makes up connective tissue?

A

loose connective tissue (collagen, elastic fibers) fibrous tissues, fat, cartilage, bone, bone marrow, blood

24
Q

What is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (cutaneous asthenia)

A

a group of connective tissues disorders, fragile, stretchy and loose skin caused by a genetic defect in the production of collagen fibers/prone to damage

25
Q

What is the role/definition of glands?

A

Selectively removes materials from the blood, concentrates or alters them, and secretes them for further use in the body or for elimination from the body

26
Q

What is exocrine?

A

Secretion outside the body via ducts

27
Q

What is endocrine?

A

secretions within the body via the bloodstream

28
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves

29
Q

Median plane (mid-sagittal plane)

A

runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves

30
Q

transverse plane

A

divides into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal

31
Q

horizontal (dorsal) plane

A

divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts that are not necessarily equal

32
Q

what is included in the dorsal cavity

A

cranial: brain
vertebral: spinal

33
Q

what is included in the ventral cavity

A
  1. thoracic cavity
    - parietal and visceral
    -pleura: lungs
    -mediastinum and mediastinum pleura: heart, thoracic part of esophagus, trachea, vessels, nerves
  2. Abdominal cavity
  3. Pelvic cavity
34
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

a serous membrane similar to that surrounding the heart and lungs in the abdominopelvic cavity

35
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity

A

space between parietal peritoneum (attached to abdomen wall) and visceral peritoneum

36
Q

what is ascites or abdominal effusion

A

medical term referring to the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity that exceeds 25 mL or buildup of fluid in the abdomen

37
Q

what are the specific terms of ascites for species

A

dilated cardiomyopathy: dogs
feline infectious peritonitis: cats
water belly: poultry pulmonary hypertension

38
Q

what is transudate

A

accumulation of fluid due to a hydrostatic imbalance between the intravascular and extravascular compartments despite normal vascular permeability; little protein or blood cells
- endothelium is not damaged

39
Q

what is exudate

A

accumulation of fluid due to increased vascular permeability; high protein content, numerous cells
-leukocytes directly damage vessels or cause tissues to produce chemical signals that alter vascular permeability

40
Q

what are the functions and roles of skin

A
  • grows and regenerates
    -protection from environment
    -barrier against loss of water, electrolytes, cells
    -flexibility
    -temperature regulation
41
Q

What does the integumentary system do?

A

storage
pigmentation, immunosurveillance, production of vitamin D, sensory perception,
excretory secretions

42
Q

What is the case with Vitamin D

A

cats and dogs cannot synthesize vitamin D efficiently/ they must receive it in their diet

43
Q

What are the three levels of the skin

A

epidermis: upper (shed and replaced every 22 d for dogs)
dermis: lower
hypodermis: right below the dermis, muscles for piloerection
(epidermal appendages: hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands)

44
Q

what are the characteristics of Dog’s skin?

A

-epidermis for dog, 3-5 cells thick
-canine hairs grow in bundles
-grows in cycles
-when hair reaches a certain length (dog’s genetic makeup) it stops growing, dies, and is shed

45
Q

what are the apocrine glands?

A

help seal the outer layer of the epidermis, pheromone secretion

46
Q

the merocrine (eccrine) glands are?

A
  • the the pads of the paws
    -watery secretion similar to sweat in humans
47
Q

What is the annual rate of hair production for animals

A
  • dogs: produce 60 to 180 g hair/kg annually
  • cats: produce 30 to 40 g hair/kg BW
  • hair follicles are 20-60 angle to the skin to help shed water
    -hair growth influences by photoperiod, hormones, genetics and general health
48
Q

What are the types of hair for dogs

A

-secondary hairs: short fluffy hairs
-primary hairs: longer/stiffer outer hairs
-whiskers (tactile hairs)

49
Q

Do all dogs shed?

A

yes, all dogs shed. The degree depends on
- thickness of undercoat
- rate of which growth of hair occurs

poodles: single coated dogs, have long growth cycle and are classified as “non-shedding”

most dogs/cats regrow a normal appearing coat 3 month after being shaved

50
Q

as day length shortens

A

-rate of growth decreases and maturity of hair is slowed
-winter coat

51
Q

as day length increases

A

-rate of growth increases
-shedding occurs at a faster rate (loss of winter coat)

-if dogs are kept inside, growth rate and shedding occur throughout the year

52
Q

Describe the skin and coat of a cat

A

-loose skin from the body
– aids in temperature regulation
– protection during fighting

  • if a cat does not groom itself, indicating of a illness or problem

–all cats shed: depends on photoperiod (indoor cats are not as seasonal)

COMP HEALTH (18 decks)

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