**T2: Cardiovascular** (done)

Question 1

What is stretching?

Answer 1

It is passive, the subject not actively using the Mm, no brain involvement

Question 2

What are the heart structures?

Answer 2

Mammalian heart: 4 hearts
- 2 small chambers –> atrias

-Larger chamber –> ventricles

4 Valves
-Atrioventricular valves (AV)
- tricuspid (right)
- bicuspid/ mitral (left)

-Semilunar valves
- aortic
- pulmonary

Pericardium

Question 3

What is cardiac auscultation?

Answer 3

Hear the sounds that accompany contraction of the heat muscle and the sounds associated with closure of the hearts valve.

Question 4

What is the first- heart sound?

Answer 4

Ventricles contract and A-V valves close.
“lub”

Question 5

What is the second heart sound?

Answer 5

Ventricular relaxation begins and semilunar valves close
“dub”

Question 6

What is turbulence?

Answer 6

Valves become diseased and don’t closely completely –> blood leaks through valves

Question 7

What is an abnormal heart?

Answer 7

• murmurs
• valve disorders

Question 8

What is a heart murmur?

Answer 8

Mitral valve may wear out due to the pressure of left ventricle.

Mitral valve insufficiency (MVI) or mitral regurgitation
- associated with heart murmur

Also caused by:
- ruptured chordae tendineae
- heart valve infections: endocarditis (blood- borne infections)

Question 9

What is MVI?

Answer 9

-Mitral valve insufficiency

• “Worn out” mitral valve

-Associated with heart murmur

Question 10

What is DCM?

Answer 10

• Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Decreased ability of the heart to generate pressure

-Dilation of the ventricles with ventricular wall thinning
- Doberman Pinscher, Great Dane, Boxer, Cocker Spaniel

Question 11

What is HCM?

Answer 11

• The heart muscular walls (left ventricular) to thicken
• Leads to decrease in the volume of the heart chamber and to abnormal relaxation of the heart muscle
  • Maine Coon, Ragdoll, Shorthair, Sphynx, Persian

Question 12

Define ECG and its function

Answer 12

Process to record the changes that occur during the cardiac cycle is a electrocardiography, and the record obtained is known as electrocardiogram (ECG)

• Records fluctuations in body surface electrical potential generated by the sequential depolarization and repolarization of the heart.

-Specialized pacemaker and conduction cell types have distinct action potential characteristics

Question 13

Discuss sinus arrhythmia

Answer 13

Naturally occurring variation in heart rate in dogs that occurs during a breathing cycle

vagal tone variation
- rate rises on inspiration and slows on expiration
- common in dogs –> high resting vagal tone
- less common in cats -> heart rate is more sympathetically driven

Question 14

Blood pressure in dogs

Answer 14

Blood pressure (BP) is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels

Question 15

What is the normal systolic and diastolic reading? Hypertension values?

Answer 15

110-160/60-90 mmHg

over 170 mmHg (cats)
over 180 mmHg (dogs)

Question 16

A Doppler only detects what?

Answer 16

flow and makes sounds when the arterial flow changes during each heartbeat

means: systolic pressure only
– the principle is to occlude arterial blood flow by inflating a cuff and then deflating it until the flow goes back to normal

HR can be calculated with the sounds of the Doppler

Question 17

What is MMM

Answer 17

Masticatory muscle myositis: an inflammatory condition that affects the muscles used to chew