T2: Genetics (done) Flashcards
the study of how genes or traits are passed down through generations
genetics
all of the genetic information in an organism
genome
a change in the sequence of bases in DNA/RNA
mutation
a change in the reproductive cells, these will be passed down to the offspring
germline mutation
a change in any of the other non-reproductive cells
somatic mutation
one nucleotide in the DNA changes
point mutations
at least one nucleotide is replaced by a new nucleotide
substitutions
a nucleotide is added
insertion
a nucleotide is deleted
deletions
What is vitligo
a nonharmful condition that causes an area of the body to lose skin or fur pigmentation
normally makes them white
who is affected by vitiligo
the size of the affected areas ranges from individual
affects dogs, cats, humans
(rottweilers, dachshunds, Siberian huskies, golden retrievers, German shepherds, yellow labs)
Often starts at the nose or face and then spreads within 3-6 months
What are the types of vitiligo?
generalized vitiligo: Most common
segmental vitiligo: 10 %
focal vitiligo: limited to a specific area
causes of vitligo
- environmental factors
- researchers have found in about 30 genes
-NLRP1 and NTPN22 genes studied
NLRP1 gene?
provides instructions to make a protein that is important to regulate the process of inflammation
PTPN22 gene?
Provides instructions for making proteins to help control the activity of T cells
How do the mutations work with these genes?
Lead the body to attack melanocytes which causes the individual to lose pigmentation
can lead to an increased risk of other autoimmune diseases too
used to be considered as a dominant trait but is now considered a complex trait since it is based on multiple genes and environmental factors
What are two ways to research genes?
- Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
- Functional Candidate Gene Association analysis
What is a myostatin deficiency?
- an inherited muscular disorder affecting whippets
-mutation in the MSTN gene
– extra copy of the gene
what are the physical presentations of the myostatin gene?
- double-muscled phenotype
-broad chests
-overdeveloped muscles
-50% have an overbite
What is the MSTN gene?
- provides instructions for making myostatin
- affects a group of proteins that control the growth and development of tissues throughout the body