T2: Genetics (done)

Question 1

the study of how genes or traits are passed down through generations

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

all of the genetic information in an organism

Answer 2

genome

Question 3

a change in the sequence of bases in DNA/RNA

Answer 3

mutation

Question 4

a change in the reproductive cells, these will be passed down to the offspring

Answer 4

germline mutation

Question 5

a change in any of the other non-reproductive cells

Answer 5

somatic mutation

Question 6

one nucleotide in the DNA changes

Answer 6

point mutations

Question 7

at least one nucleotide is replaced by a new nucleotide

Answer 7

substitutions

Question 8

a nucleotide is added

Answer 8

insertion

Question 9

a nucleotide is deleted

Answer 9

deletions

Question 10

What is vitligo

Answer 10

a nonharmful condition that causes an area of the body to lose skin or fur pigmentation

normally makes them white

Question 11

who is affected by vitiligo

Answer 11

the size of the affected areas ranges from individual

affects dogs, cats, humans
(rottweilers, dachshunds, Siberian huskies, golden retrievers, German shepherds, yellow labs)

Often starts at the nose or face and then spreads within 3-6 months

Question 12

What are the types of vitiligo?

Answer 12

generalized vitiligo: Most common
segmental vitiligo: 10 %
focal vitiligo: limited to a specific area

Question 13

causes of vitligo

Answer 13

• environmental factors
• researchers have found in about 30 genes
  -NLRP1 and NTPN22 genes studied

Question 14

NLRP1 gene?

Answer 14

provides instructions to make a protein that is important to regulate the process of inflammation

Question 15

PTPN22 gene?

Answer 15

Provides instructions for making proteins to help control the activity of T cells

Question 16

How do the mutations work with these genes?

Answer 16

Lead the body to attack melanocytes which causes the individual to lose pigmentation

can lead to an increased risk of other autoimmune diseases too

used to be considered as a dominant trait but is now considered a complex trait since it is based on multiple genes and environmental factors

Question 17

What are two ways to research genes?

Answer 17

1. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
2. Functional Candidate Gene Association analysis

Question 18

What is a myostatin deficiency?

Answer 18

• an inherited muscular disorder affecting whippets
  -mutation in the MSTN gene
  – extra copy of the gene

Question 19

what are the physical presentations of the myostatin gene?

Answer 19

• double-muscled phenotype
  -broad chests
  -overdeveloped muscles
  -50% have an overbite

Question 20

What is the MSTN gene?

Answer 20

• provides instructions for making myostatin
• affects a group of proteins that control the growth and development of tissues throughout the body