T2: Respiratory (done)

Question 1

Describe the anatomy of the lungs (dog and cat differences)

Answer 1

-each lung is divided into lobes
-LEFT LUNG
Dog: 2 lobes
Cats: 3 lobes
-RIGHT LUNG
Dogs and cats: 4 lobes

Question 2

How is the respiratory system divided?

Answer 2

upper respiratory tract: nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea

lower respiratory tract: bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 3

Describe the air passageway

Answer 3

breathes through nose or mouth – trachea– right/left bronchi – bronchioles – lungs

bronchioles end in small sacs “alveoli”, where the barrier between the air and the blood is a thin membrane

Question 4

Functions of the respiratory system

Answer 4

primary function: to deliver O2 into the blood and remove CO2 from the blood (alveoli)

• protects the delicate airways by warming and humidifying inhaled air and by filtering out particles
• small particles, microorganisms, mucociliary escalator

Question 5

Purpose of the upper airways

Answer 5

sense of smell, and temperature regulation in dogs that use painting as a way to keep cool.

-maintain the acid-base balance: pulmonary ventilation

Question 6

Why is gas exchange important?

Answer 6

the gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood depends on the PO2 and PCO2 on each side of the capillary wall:
gases move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure

(CO2 moves from the capillaries to the lungs, while O2 moves in the opposite direction)

Question 7

Describe the control in the respiratory processes (feedback loop)

Answer 7

the respiratory process is regulated by the nervous system via modification of
- PCO2/PO2 (chemoreceptors)
- blood pH
-lung change volume (stretching receptors)

Question 8

What happens during exercise?

Answer 8

1. more CO2 dissolves in blood
2. receptors in the brain sense the drop in pH and send nerve signals to increase breathing rate
3. The lungs’ breathing rate quickly removes more CO2 from blood. Blood pH rises slightly
4. HOMEOSTASIS: CO2 level in the body
5. During exercise or other activity, cell metabolism increases and produces more CO2

Question 9

Describe the feedback loop control of blood and breathing

Answer 9

chemoreceptors – brainstem respiratory centers – breathing muscles – alveolar ventilation rate – blood pH (pressure of O2, CO2) –chemoreceptors

Question 10

How do dogs modify their respiratory rate?

Answer 10

through respiratory rate or volume depending on the physiological conditions: panting increases RR and volume by breathing through the mouth

By breathing through the mouth, it brings cool air from the trachea into contact with the warm blood vessels, which cools them down

Question 11

Muscle action role in control?

Answer 11

consumes more O2 and heats up the body, leading dogs to speed up their breathing to increase the rate at which O2 is supplied to the cells

– dogs barely sweat (footpads), so the loss of water vapour through the lungs is their way of cooling down

Question 12

What is ventilation?

Answer 12

process by which air moves into and out of the lungs and is made available for gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane

Question 13

What is negative pressure breathing?

Answer 13

change the volume of the lungs to either increase or decrease air pressure within (it moves air in and out)

Question 14

Normal breathing rate on dogs/cats

Answer 14

20-30 breaths
- age and temperature plays a role

Question 15

what are the three breathing efforts

Answer 15

-dyspnea: labored breathing
-tachypnea: rapid breathing
-panting: to coll themselves

Question 16

normal HR for dogs/cats

Answer 16

cats: 160-220
dogs:
-small: 100-160
-medium - large: 60-100
-extra large: 60- 80

Question 17

normal RR for dogs/cats

Answer 17

C: 20-30
D: 10-30

Question 18

normal temperature dogs/cats

Answer 18

C: 100.5-102.5
D: 100.2 -102.8

Question 19

What is dyspnea

Answer 19

-said to be dyspneic
-the chest wall and sometimes the belly will move more than is normal when breathing
-nostrils may flare open when breathing
-breathing with an open mouth (not panting)
- neck and head held low and out in front of the body (extended)

-breathing difficulties may occur primarily when breathing in (inspiratory dyspnea), when breathing out (expiratory dyspnea)

Question 20

what is tachypnea

Answer 20

• tachypneic
  -rate of breathing is faster than normal
• mouth may be closed or partially open, but usually not open as wide as during panting
  -breathing is often more shallow than normal

Question 21

What is panting

Answer 21

-normal way for dogs to cool themselves in response to exercise or high temperatures

-panting is characterized by
– fast breathing
–shallow breaths
–widely open mouth
– extended tongue

Question 22

What is brachycephalic syndrome

Answer 22

• classically characterized as restriction of the upper airway secondary to excessive or extreme phenotypic expression of the abnormalities selectively bred for in some chondrodysplastic breeds

Question 23

anatomic features of brachycephalic syndrome

Answer 23

combination of stenotic nares, stenotic nasal cavity, elongated soft palate

Question 24

Describe the breathing differences in the brachycephalic syndrome

Answer 24

Breathing pattern: prolonged inspitation and usually comparatively easy exhalation

• excessive noisy breathing: inspiration stertor (snoring) due to tissue interference; stridor due to narrow airway
• exercise and heat intolerance
  -inspiratory dyspnea

-if arterial PO2 is very low = chronic hypercapnia and hypoxemia invoke adaptive responses that resets chemoreceptors

Question 25

What are the respiratory noises? (BOAS)

Answer 25

BOAS: brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome noises
- pharyngeal noise: “stertor” (soft palate)
-laryngeal noise: “stridor” (narrowed or collapsed larynx)

Question 26

why treat young animals when they are doing well?

Answer 26

brachycephalic syndrome is not a static condition

-stertor, gagging, gurgling, and constant open-mouth breathing are not normal

Question 27

What is a tracheal collapse?

Answer 27

a chronic, progressive, irreversible disease of the trachea, or windpipe, and lower airway (mainstem bronchi collapse)

• small dog breeds: Yorkshire terriers, pomeranians, poodles, chihuahuas

-dogs that are overweight that live in a household with smokers

Question 28

How does cartilage play a role in tracheal collapse?

Answer 28

the trachea has small rings of cartilage to keep the airway open when the dog is breathing, moving, or coughing.

• rings are C-shaped, with the open part of the C facing upward. In some dogs, the C-shaped cartilage becomes weak.
• as the roof of the trachea stretches, the cartilage rings get flatter and flatter until the trachea collapses

Question 29

Surgical options for collapsed trachea?

Answer 29

it typically involves either placing a stent inside the trachea or placing plastic rings outside of it to hold it open

Question 30

Describe feline asthma

Answer 30

asthma is a disease of the lower airways of the lungs that affects 1-5% of cats

• molecules stimulate the bronchi and bronchioles – inflammation and edema – hypersensitivity reaction causing the smooth muscle in them to constrict – breathing becomes harder

cells that normally produce mucous in small quantities might increase the production – clog up air passages

bronchoconstriction and notable mucous production – the alveoli are unable to exchange O2 and CO2

Question 31

What is the average age and details related to female asthma?

Answer 31

4-5 years, no sex is susceptible to asthma, siamese cats may be predisposed to asthma

-difficulty breathing, wheezing, rapid breathing, crouched posture, extended head and neck forward while wheezing or coughing

Occasionally an increased number of allergic immune cells (eosinophils) are measured in the blood