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COMP HEALTH > T2: Renal (done) > Flashcards

T2: Renal (done) Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the upper tract of the urinary tract?

A

two kidneys: Filtration/biochemical processes
two slender muscular tubes (ureters): one from each kidney, that deliver waste-containing urine from the kidneys down to the lower tract (bladder)

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2
Q

What is a part of the lower tract of the urinary tract? Why is it important?

A
  • only excretory function

the bladder: its epithelium (transitional epithelium) accommodates for the change in size of the organ

the urethra: a thin tube from the bladder to the outside of the environment

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3
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Filtering waste products and water from the blood
  2. Regulating electrolytes
  3. Producing and concentrating urine
  4. Producing erythropoietin (EPO: hormone) to stimulate the bone marrow to create new red blood cells
  5. Producing renin (enzyme): to control the body’s blood pressure (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
  6. Producing vasodilator prostaglandins (hormones)
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4
Q

Describe the kidney

A

the kidneys are separated from the abdominal cavity by their envelopment of peritoneum “retroperitoneal” structures

-bean-shaped organs
-outer cortex and inner medulla

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5
Q

Describe the functional unit of the kidney

A

-nephron
-renal corpuscle: glomerulus (afferent arterioles, capillaries, efferent arterioles) and the bowman’s capsule
-renal tubule: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, descending limb of Henle, ascending limb of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

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6
Q

How many nephrons are there among species

A

dogs: 415,000
cats: 190,000

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7
Q

What are the cortical nephrons

A

these nephrons have glomeruli in the outer cortex and their loops of Henle barely penetrate the medulla: they have very limited concentrating ability

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8
Q

What are the juxtamedullary nephrons

A

have glomeruli in the cortex and loops of Henle which descend into the medulla; significant urine concentration because of the hyperosmolar medulla achieved via the countercurrent multiplier

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9
Q

AVP =

A

ADH

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10
Q

What is diabetes insipidus

A

it is not related to diabetes mellitus and does not involve insulting or sugar metabolism

-antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin (AVP) (pituitary gland hormone) is responsible for maintaining the correct level of fluid in the body

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11
Q

What is the normal water intake across the species?

A

normal water intake for dogs/cats: 20-70 ml/kg/day; normal urine output: 20-45 ml/kg/day

Animals are considered polydipsic: water consumption greater than 100 ml/kg/day, polyuric urine production is greater than 50/ml/kg

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12
Q

what is central diabetes inspidus

A

the pituitary gland does not secrete enough ADH

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13
Q

What is nephrogenic diabetes inspidus

A

the kidneys do not respond normally ADH

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14
Q

who is affected with diabetes inspidus

A

affected dogs: polyuria and polydipsia: urine very dilute even if the animal is deprived of water

the dog can become dehydrated from urinating so much

–water deprivation test: change in central and nephrogenic diabetes inspidius
– rare in cats

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15
Q

What are considered urinary stones (CATS)

A

urolithiasis

-stones can develop anywhere within either the upper or lower tracts of the urinary system

-most cats will go through life without experiencing “stones” ; others will experience urolithiasis, a potentially lethal condition marked by the formation of small stones (uroliths)

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16
Q

what are kidney stones?

A

always made of calcium oxalate

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17
Q

What can bladder stones be?

A

either struvite or calcium oxalate

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18
Q

Are stones made present naturally in a cat’s body?

A

the stones form when the minerals exceed a certain threshold of concentration in the urinary system – crystals – they accumulate and may grow into stones

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19
Q

what do male cats get commonly?

A

blockages since they have a very narrow and easily obstructed urethra

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20
Q

what do not typically cause noticeable signs of disease until they become very large (CATS)

A

kidney stones

21
Q

may be small, harmless, some times they can grow and irritate the tract leading to internal bleeding

complete blockage is a medical emergency (CATS)

A

bladder stones

22
Q

What are bladder stones for dogs

A

uroliths or cystic calculi: more common than kidney stones
“struvite bladder stone”

23
Q

What is a normal component of a dog’s urine?

A

normal dog urine is slightly acidic and contains waste products from metabolism.

struvite is a normal component of a dog’s urine and will remain dissolved as long as the urine is acidic

if the urine becomes exceptionally concentrated or alkaline, struvite crystals will precipitate

24
Q

a complication of bladder infections by bacteria that produce urease

A

struvite bladder stones

urease breaks down the urea that is normally present in the urine causing an excess production of ammonia – urine becomes alkaline – struvite crystals

25
Q

___ tend to get these types of bladder infections and stones much more frequently than ____

why ?

A

female dogs/males dogs

shorter and wider urethra makes it easier for bacteria to pass up the urethra into the bladder

26
Q

Struvite uroliths are more common in ___ and calcium oxalate uroliths are common in ____ dogs

what breeds?

A

female and male

shih tzu, miniature schnauzer, bichone frise, lhasa apso, yorkshire terrier

27
Q

How could other stones form?

A

metabolic abnormalities, like liver disease, nutrient imbalances from the diet or supplements, genetic conditions

28
Q

how do struvite stones form

A

infection in dogs

29
Q

Sometimes crystals in the urine but not stones…

A

they may or may not be a warning sign of stone risk

30
Q

what are ways to prevent stones

A
  1. dilution of the urine by increasing the amount of water the pet drinks
  2. reducing the amount of the compounds that make up the stones in the diet
31
Q

can often be dissolved in both dogs and cars using special diets of increased water and controlled protein

A

struvite stones

32
Q

cannot be dissolved and have to be removed usually with surgery

A

calcium oxalate stone

33
Q

in dogs (urinary tract infections): a special diet is not needed for dogs with ___ stones once the stones are dissolved or surgical removed

A

struvite stones

34
Q

these stones are sometimes seen in the urine of dogs with no urinary tract infection: samples have been refrigerating or have sat around for a few hours

A

struvite crystals

35
Q

In cats, struvite stones can form …

A

without an infection

36
Q

these stones are found in cat urine, especially in fresh samples, suggesting that the cat may have be higher risk of stone development

A

struvite crystals

37
Q

what are the breeds of dogs that are affected by calcium oxalate stones

A

Yorkshire, miniature schnauzers, shih tzus and cats

38
Q

these stones can not be dissolved and have to be removed, usually with surgery

A

calcium oxalate stones

39
Q

can suggest an increased risk of stone formation in both dogs and cats

over usage of antibiotics may decrease the intestinal bacteria Oxalaobacter formigenes whose sole nutrient is oxalate

A

calcium oxalate crystals

40
Q

what stones are caused by a genetic condition in some dog breeds (dalmatians, Jack Russel, bulldogs)

A

Urate (ammonium biurate) stones: commonly seen with liver disease

41
Q

How can urate stone be dissovled

A

combo of low purine diet and medication

41
Q

how are urate stones made

A

from purines which are present in DNA, high in meat, organs, seafood

41
Q

what are the prevention of urate stones for dogs

A

dogs with liver disease; diet changes and treating the liver disease

genetic condition: diet change with meds

42
Q

What is Fanconi syndrome in dogs?

A

a generalized proximal tubular reabsorptive defect resulting in excessive loss of many solutes in the urine

acquire condition: chicken jerky treat ingestion, gentamicin

heritable form: in many breeds (basenji)

43
Q

What are the symptoms of Fanconi syndrome in dogs

A

excessive urinary loss of glucose, Na +, K +, P, uric acid, bicarbonate, amino acids

a genetic marker

the heritable disease is slowly progressive and usually results in death from uremia

43
Q

What is feline chronic kidney disease

A

can damage the kidney so severely that it can’t function properly, progressive and irreversible diseases (many months or years before any signs)

starting at age 5-6 years, chronic kidney disease becomes more common affecting up to 35 % of older cats

44
Q

Describe the stages of feline chronic kidney disease

A

1: damage but no signs, rarely diagnosed
2: signs may be present, increased water in the urine, more urine is seen (slow filtering)
3. filtering slows more, water chemicals are more concentrated, and signs of disease are seen
4. continued kidney damage, more waste accumulation, fatal

45
Q

What are the earliest signs of kidney disease?

A

polyuria, polydipsia

animals usually have no signs of kidney disease until they are at stages 3 or 4

46
Q

What is feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) ?

A

an inflammation of the urinary bladder of unknown origin

both male and female

signs: dysuria, pollakiuria, haematuria and periuria

COMP HEALTH (18 decks)

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