T2: Breeding and Whelping (done)

Question 1

What is the gold standard for protecting animal breeding

Answer 1

OFA, orthopedic foundation for animals.
-most associated with hip dysplasia tested
-covers many other areas of health that are of concern to particular breeds and breeders

Question 2

What is the canine health information center (CHIC)

Answer 2

centralized canine health database

-AKC/Canine health foundation
-Orthopedic foundation for animals (OFA)
-keeps information on tests for individual dogs
–maintains a DNA bank (store samples)
-different breeds = different tests

Question 3

Canine Health Information center (CHIC) , what can help guide you with?

Answer 3

if you are considering purchasing a puppy from a breeder who does not do this, should you be concerned?

Many responsible breeders do test their dogs but do not register their dogs with CHIC
- some breeds are not listed in the CHIC

Question 4

What are the myths about breeding

Answer 4

1. breeding dogs/cats is a good way to make money
2. my children should see the miracle of birth
3. my dog/cat is “superior” and I want to have another one just like her/him
4. raising a litter is so much fun
5. my pet will not be complete if it does not have the opportunity to reproduced
6. It will be easy to find good homes for the puppies/kittens

Question 5

What are the reasons not to breed your dog?

Answer 5

1. Millions of unwanted dogs are euthanized each year
2. Neutering your dogs has significant health and behavioral benefits, although neutering is not entirely beneficial
3. Requires energy, time, financial resources, long-term commitment
4. Requires education

Question 6

What are the three major areas of concern for breeding

Answer 6

1. conformation problems
2. disease/internal problems
3. behavioral problems

Question 7

What is the decision to breed?

Answer 7

prior to deciding to breed two dogs, consider inherited problems and anomalies

Question 8

Why is conformation problems an area of concern?

Answer 8

may affect gait, durability, longevity, affliction, hip dysplasia, narrow pelvis, facial “deformities”

Question 9

Why is disease an area of concern

Answer 9

endocrine issues, skins problems, cancers, epilepsy, cardiac conditions, often breed specific; tests for many conditions

Question 10

Why are behavioral problems a concern?

Answer 10

consider the uses of the breeds and the associated behavior problems, rage, obsessive compulsive disorders, dominance or independence

Question 11

What aspects of the health should be evaluated prior to breeding

Answer 11

-immunizations up to date
-check for parasites
-test both for canine brucellosis
-sperm motility, mobility, concentration

Question 12

Standing heat

Answer 12

when the female lets the male mate with her

from 7-10 days after the start of vaginal discharge (proestrus) and lasts for 7-10 days (estrus)

Question 13

Traditional breed females on

Answer 13

days 10/12 or 10,12,14 after onset of proestrus

Question 14

When to breed?

Answer 14

1. Days from start of proestrus
   - ovulates: 2 days after LH peak
   -fertile period is generally days 5 through 9 of estrus
2. Behavior
3. Vaginal discharge (changes form bloody to straw colored)

Question 15

What is a vaginal cytology

Answer 15

the most common, to confirm proestrus and estrus

Question 16

Describe proestrus and estrus in a cytology

Answer 16

proestrus
-vaginal epithelial cells from small parabasal cells to larger intermediate cells and then to very large cornified cells

estrus
-cornified cells increase, the microscopic visualization of primary (90%), abundant bacteria without WBC

Question 17

What is a vaginoscopy

Answer 17

observation of vaginal mucosa to determine ovulation timing (crenulation)

-increase in E2 during proestrus, mucosal edema
-decrease of E2, edema goes down, wrinkling of the vaginal mucosa (crenulation); initial crenulation indicates the beginning of the LH peak as the E2 decreases.

Question 18

What is the importance of ovulation timing

Answer 18

it is the determination of the most fertile days of estrus: used as a part of the AI procedure to ensure that ova are present in the uterine tube

LH or P4 assays to predict the date of ovulation

ovulation timing allows the time of whelping to be determine exactly

Question 19

When would you use AI in dogs

Answer 19

only healthy animals without heritable genetics defects should be considered

-females refuses to allow mating
-physical problems preventing natural mating
-avoiding venereal diseases (uncommon in dogs)
-avoiding stress of shipping female to male
-utilization of champion sire after death

(AKC approved registration)

Question 20

Superfecundity

Answer 20

can inseminate with semen from more than one male and still register puppies, must do DNA tests on sire, dam, and puppies

Question 21

How to collect semen of male

Answer 21

-collect into a artificial vagina
-manually slip prepuce posteriorly to expose penis

Semen analysis (semen quality): a sperm count to determine sperm concentration, motility analysis to determine sperm viability and morphology analysis to identify sperm abnormalities

The conception rate is best with fresh semen (80%), followed by chilled (60%) and frozen (50% to 60%)

Question 22

What are the AI methods

Answer 22

1. intravaginal method: instillation of semen into the vagina using a syringe and a long plastic insemination catheter
2. Intrauterine method (transcervical insemination): instillation of semen into the uterus through the cervix
   - the Scandinavian or Norwegian approach: specialized metal catheter with a nylon sheath
   -The new Zealand approach: mild sedation and a rigid endoscope (cytoscope)
3. Surgical intrauterine: direct injection into the the uterus by surgical laparotomy; general anesthesia, a small abdominal incision to exteriorize the uterus and incision into the uterus

Question 23

What is the whelping box

Answer 23

-should be easy to clean and disinfect
-supplemental heat
-large and has “pig bar”
-quiet location and separated

Question 24

What are the signs of prelabor

Answer 24

-nesting behavior to 2 to 36 hr
– scratching, pacing, whining
–panting, shivering, vomiting
– refusal to eat

-trim long hair from hindquarters
-may wash hindquarters and ventral abdomen with disinfectant soap; rinse well

Question 25

Signs of parturition

Answer 25

drop in rectal temperature may be an accurate predictor of parturition:
abrupt drops to 98 to 99 F will occur 12-24 hours prior to onset of labor

Question 26

What is parturition (stages)

Answer 26

“hard labor: prior to delivery
- first puppy should be born within 1 hour of onset of hard labor
-chorioallantoic membrane usually breaks when puppy enters birth canal

-Stage 1: preparatory stage; contraction begin; one to two days (often undetected) cervix dilated
-Stage 2: expulsion of fetus
-Stage 3: expulsion of placenta
-Dystocia: difficulty in birthing

Question 27

What are presentations of parturition

Answer 27

• puppies are usually are born headfirst with the forelegs extended (anterior presentation)
• the pup can be born with tail and hindlegs emerging (posterior presentation: NOT BREECH)

Question 28

what is the breech presentation

Answer 28

the hindlegs are extended forward and the tail and bottom are presented first
(may require C section or vet assistance to deliver the puppy)

Question 29

What happens when pups are born, other characteristics

Answer 29

-pups still in amniotic sac
-dam licks the amnion off, severing umbilical cord, removing amniotic sac and eating the placenta
-Owner should remove sac, clear head, nose, mouth and rub to stimulate breathing if mother does not do this

Question 30

What is the importance and complications associated with the placenta

Answer 30

-placenta should be delivered within 15 min of pup
-if dam is staining, vet needed
-oxytocin begin uterine contraction to stimulate milk let down if needed
-long acting antibiotic would be needed

Question 31

What is puerperium

Answer 31

– the period after parturition

-repro tract returns to normal state
-greenish- black fluid discharge from vulva

Question 32

What are characteristics of pups at birth?

Answer 32

-seek a nipple (root) and nurse
-respond to stimulus, can’t see or hear
- should double birth weight by 7- 10 days

Question 33

What occurs in postpartum care?

Answer 33

reflex to urinate and defecate by rubbing, warmth and moisture

meconium
-first bowl movement composed of materials ingested in the uterus)
-should be passed within first hour
sticky, dark in color

Question 34

What are supplemental feeding advantages?

Answer 34

-pups are familiar with different taste and will willingly consume something other than dam’s milk
-this may be very important if dam gets sick or mastitis

Question 35

What is a healthy puppy?

Answer 35

• born toothless, blind, and deaf
• cannot regulate internal temp
  -colustrum is essential

Question 36

What is early neurological stimulation (ENS)?

Answer 36

1. tactile stimulation (tickle)
2. head held up
3. head held down
4. supine position
5. thermal stimulation

more is NOT better

Question 37

Describe some characteristics of young puppies

Answer 37

-eyes open at 7-10 days
-ears open ~ 2 wks
- deciduous (“baby”) teeth develop at abut 2 wks (lost by 16 wks)

-behavioral weaning: generally 6- 8 weeks of age (can cause behavioral problems)

-nutritional weaning (milk to other food) –< 4-5 weeks (by 6 wks)

Question 38

What breeds did Pedigree expose and why?

Answer 38

-investigative documentary released in 2008

Cavalier King Charles Spanial
-chiari- like disease + heart diseases

German Shepherd
-abnormal slope

Rhodesian Ridgeback
-ridge is associated with dermoid sinus (congenital tubular indentation of the skin above the spine)
- ridgeless puppies were killed

Bulldog
- brachycephalic syndrome

Clumber Spaniel
- eye problems, overweight

Pekingese
-minor health problems: patellar luxation,skin fold dermatitis, etc

Shar Pei
-exaggerated folds –> painful
-skin infections, eye problems

Saint Bernard
-massive weight, joint problem, eye issues, aggression

Achondroplastics breeds
- corgi, dachshund