T2: Nutrition

Question 1

How are dogs and cats fed?

Answer 1

based on the life stage

Question 2

What are the goals in nutrition?

Answer 2

-feed for optimal health
-performance and longevity

Question 3

feeding foods designed to more…

Answer 3

closely met individual needs is preferred

Question 4

How is this concept different in a marketing sense?

Answer 4

marketed from feed a single product for “all life stages” (all- purpose foods) in which nutrients are added at levels to meet the highest potential need (growth and reproduction)

Question 5

What is life stage nutrition

Answer 5

the practice of feeding animals foods designed to meet their optimal nutritional needs at a specific age of physiologic state

Question 6

What are the life stages

Answer 6

growth, maintenance, reproduction/lactation, senior

Question 7

When formulating diets always start with..

Answer 7

energy

Question 8

Why do we start with energy for formulating diets?

Answer 8

-energy is the primary regulator of food consumption
-animals should be fed enough food to meet their energy requirements
-the non-energy nutrients in the food should be balanced relative to energy density to ensure adequate nutrient intake
-animals eating an energy-dense food consume less of the food to meet energy needs

Question 9

What are the three energy requirements for dogs and cats

Answer 9

BMR, MER, DER

Question 10

What is BMR?

Answer 10

basal metabolic rate is defined as the energy required to maintain homeostasis in an animal in a post-absorptive state (ideally after a overnight fast) that is lying down but awake in a thermoneutral environment to which it has been acclimatized

Question 11

What is MER?

Answer 11

the maintenance energy requirement (MER) is the energy required to support energy equilibrium, where ME intake equals heat production, over a long period of time

Question 12

What is DER?

Answer 12

the daily energy requirement is the energy requires to support energy equilibrium taking into account other factors.

Question 13

Which energy requirement often confuses owners, why?

Answer 13

-DER of dogs and cats is often given as a range
-this requirement often confuses owners
-graphically, the DER for a population of dogs and cats results in a bell-shaped curve
-the energy intake of individual dogs may vary about 50% above or below the average requirements, even within the same age group

Question 14

How do we calculate the energy requirements of dogs?(formula)

Answer 14

-basal heat production for mature, warm-blooded animals, ranging in size from mice to elephants, could be described by the expression BMR (kcal)= 70.5 x W^ 0.73
simplified to BMR= 70 x W^0.75

-MER (kcal)= 130 x W^0.75
-DER of dogs is calculated from adjusted BMR

Question 15

How do we calculate the daily energy requirement of dogs (overall)

Answer 15

DER is the sum of BMR plus breed, neuter status age, daily activity, environmental temperature and insulative characteristics of the integument

-it is better to use BMR as the basis for calculating energy requirement of adult dogs
-assign different multipliers
-add specific values
-to account for differences in activity, age and environmental influences

Question 16

Whare are the energy requirements of dogs that may increase activity level

Answer 16

most pet dogs are minimally active and may have a DER that approaches their DER

-Sedentary dogs: 1.2 -1.4 x BMR (85 to 98 kcal ME/kg BW^0.75

-Active dogs: 1.6-1.9 x BMR (112 to 133 kcal ME/kg BW^0.75)

-Sled dogs 15 x BMR (1050 kcal ME) racing conditions

Question 17

What is the BCS scoring?

Answer 17

feed, evaluate, adjust if needed
-1: thin
-2: underweight
-3: Ideal
-4: overweight
-5: obese

Question 18

What are the protein requirements of dogs?

Answer 18

estimate based on endogenous nitrogen excretion equates to a minimum requirement of 1.7 g digestible protein/ kg BW ^0.75 for an ideal protein

-protein average is used, the minimum requirements are increased to 2.1 to 2.5 digestible protein/ kg BW^0.75

Question 19

What is the recommended range of CP for commercial foods

Answer 19

-minimum allowance for CP is 10% of dry matter
-recommended range for CP is 15-30 of dry matter

Question 20

what are the fat requirements of dogs

Answer 20

• minimum recommended allowance for dietary fat in foods for normal, healthy adult dogs is 8.5%, with at least 1% of food as linoleic acid (DM)

-recommended range of fat for foods intended for young adult dogs is 10-20% DM

-Lower levels of dietary fat are recommended for obese-prone adult dogs 7-10% DM

Question 21

What are the fiber requirements of dogs

Answer 21

the levels of dietary fat and fiber are important determinants of a food’s energy density
- Fiber is a poor source of energy for dogs (fiber increases, energy density decreases)
-Dietary fiber also help promote satiety

-crude fiber up to 5% DM is adequate

-obese prone dogs may benefit from at least 10% DM crude fiber

Question 22

How should you conduct your patient assessment?

Answer 22

patient assessment should be a structured process that includes:
- obtaining accurate and detailed medical and nutritional histories
-reviewing the medical record
-conducting a physical examination
-evaluating results of laboratory and other diagnostic tests

Question 23

A minimum dietary database for all canine patients should be obtained and include:

Answer 23

1. the type of food fed (home made, commercial, dry, moist)
2. Recipes if homemade food represents the majority of the diet
3. brand names of commercial foods, if known
4. Names of supplements, treats and snacks
5. Method of feeding (free choice, meal feeding)

Question 24

An extended dietary database includes:

Answer 24

1. Quantities fed
2. recent changes in food type, intake and preferences
   3.access to food for other pets of livestock
3. Who in the family buys the food
4. Who in the family feeds the pet
5. appetite changes with estimates of magnitude and duration

Question 25

Summarize the case study about lethargy and weight loss in a young dog

Answer 25

Presented:
- lethargy, dull coat, weight loss
-BCS 2/5
-one can daily (370 g; 470 kcal)

Results:
- total protein 4.1 (normal: 5-7.5)
-albumin 1.2 (2.2 to 3.5)

Diagnosis:
-protein malnutrition was diagnosed
-change formula to a higher CP 22% but maintain prescription diet

Question 26

What are the energy requirements for cats

Answer 26

-caloric requirements are calculated based on neuter status and activity
(1.2 x BMR for active neutered cats)
(1.4 -1.6 x BMR for active and sexually intact cats)

Question 27

most housecats are neutered and are minimally active and are more prone to overweight and obesity

Answer 27

-1.0 x BMR is a good starting point and increase to reach ideal BCS
-obese cats may require as little as 0.8 x BMR

Question 28

what is the recommended range of energy density in foods for inactive/ obese-prone young adult cats

Answer 28

3.3 to 3.8 kcal/g DM

Question 29

The recommended range for foods for normal weight young adult cats

Answer 29

is 4.0 to 5.0 kcal/g

Question 30

What are the protein requirements of cats

Answer 30

1. adult cats must rely primary on gluconeogenesis from precursors for maintenance of blood glucose concentrations: