T2 L20 Physiology of puberty Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of puberty?

A

Stage of physical maturation where an individual becomes physiologically capable of pro-creation

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2
Q

What are the 3 general physical changes that occur during puberty?

A

Growth spurt
Secondary sex characteristics
Menarche / spermatogenesis

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3
Q

What are the 5 physical changes occurring during puberty for girls?

A
Growth spurt
Breast growth
Pubic hair
Axillary hair
Menstruation
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4
Q

When do girls experience a growth spurt?

A

8-14 years
6-10cm per year
2.5 year duration

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5
Q

When does thelarche occur?

A

8-13 years

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6
Q

When does pubic hair growth occur in girls?

A

9-13 years

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7
Q

When does menarche occur?

A

10-16 years

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8
Q

When does pulsatile nocturnal GnRH release start?

A

At 6-9 years

Occurs every 90-120 minutes

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9
Q

Describe the endocrine changes during puberty

A

Increased GnRH leads to increased FSH and LH
Ovaries / testes become sensitised to effects of FSH and LH
Final phase is development of positive / negative feedback mechanism

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10
Q

What can be used to check the adrenals are stimulated?

A

Urine steroid profile

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11
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

Games (sperm)

Androgens (testosterone)

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12
Q

What controls Sertoli cells?

A

FSH

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13
Q

What controls leydig cells?

A

LH

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14
Q

What produces androgens?

A

95% from testes

5% from adrenals

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15
Q

What are the 2 phases in the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

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16
Q

What happens in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Initially E rises (FSH) with LH surge mid-cycle

Ovulation occurs

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17
Q

What happens in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Negative feedback after ovulation

No further ovulation in same cycle

18
Q

What is the age of menarche related to?

A

General health
Genetic factors
Nutritional factors

19
Q

What was the mean age of menarche in 1840?

A

16.5 years

20
Q

What was the mean age of menarche in 1990?

A

12.8 years

21
Q

Describe the link between body weight/fat and menarche

A

Mean weight at menarche is 47.8kg
16-24% of body weight is fat
Athletes and patients with anorexia often have a late onset

22
Q

When does adrenarche occur in girls?

A

Starts at 6

Adequate levels by 8

23
Q

When does adrenarche occur in boys?

A

Starts at 8

Adequate levels by 10

24
Q

What is the chronological order of puberty in girls?

A
Growth spurt
Breast development
Pubic hair
Axillary hair
Menarche
25
Q

What is the chronological order of puberty in boys?

A
Testicular volume 
Penile length
Pubic hair
Growth spurt
Axillary / facial hair
Deep voice
26
Q

When is puberty considered early or precocious?

A

Below 8 years in girls

Below 9 years in boys

27
Q

What is early or precocious puberty?

A

Presence of true pubertal features at young and inappropriate age

28
Q

What is central or true precocious puberty dependent on?

A

Gonadotrophin dependent

29
Q

What are the concerns in early or precocious puberty?

A

Possible underlying sinister cause
Emotional or psycho-social upheaval at inappropriately young age
Early cessation of growth leading to decreased final adult height

30
Q

When is puberty considered to be delayed?

A

Above 14 years for girls or boys

31
Q

What is delayed puberty?

A

Absence of true pubertal onset at an appropriate age

It isn’t necessarily a lack of periods

32
Q

What are the concerns with delayed puberty?

A

Possible sinister underlying cause
Fear that puberty will never occur
Emotional and psychosocial upset of immaturity
Long term sequelae of reduced bone mineralisation

33
Q

What is a hypothalamic hamartoma?

A

Non-neoplastic homogenous sessile mass

Iso-intense to brain parenchyma in region of tuber cinerium in hypothalamus

34
Q

What is the treatment of central precocious puberty?

A

Long-acting LHRH analog therapy
- sustained supra-physiological LHRH levels
-paradoxical cessation of gonadotrophin release
-stops further pubertal progression
Pubertal progression will resumed when treatment is stopped at 10-12 years

35
Q

How common is Klinefelter syndrome?

A

1 in 1000 male infants

36
Q

What are the symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome?

A
Frontal baldness absent
Poor beard growth
Tendency to grow fewer chest hairs
Narrow shoulders
Breast development
Wide hips
Female-type pubic hair pattern
Small testicular size
Long legs
Behavioural problems
Androgen deficiency
Azoospermia / infertility
Micro genitalia
37
Q

What is the treatment for Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Lifelong testosterone replacement therapy

38
Q

How common is Turner syndrome?

A

1 in 2000 live female births

39
Q

What is the triad for Turner syndrome?

A

Short stature
Streak gonads
Primary amenorrhoea

40
Q

What are the dysmorphia features of Turner syndrome?

A

Webbing of neck

Cubitus valgus

41
Q

What is the treatment for Turner syndrome?

A

Growth hormone therapy
Pubertal induction and ongoing hormone replacement therapy
Active monitoring to detect co-morbidities
Assisted conception

42
Q

What is the treatment for gonadotrophin deficiency?

A

Lifelong testosterone replacement therapy