T1 L20 Hormonal drug delivery Flashcards
What are some different dosage forms?
Tablets and capsules Injections and infusions Patches Creams and ointments Inhalers Suppositories and pessaries
Why do we need different dosage forms?
Some people don't like certain forms Different clinical conditions Different types of patients Different routes of administration Different physiochemical properties of a drug
Give some examples of drug factors to consider when designing dosage forms
Solubility Partition Coefficient pKa Stability Molecular weight
Give some examples of biopharmaceutical factors to consider when designing dosage forms
Absorption
Bioavailability
Route of administration
Give some examples of therapeutic factors to consider when designing dosage forms
Disease
Patient
Route
Local vs systemic delivery
Give examples of types of hormones
Modified amino acid derivatives
Peptides and proteins
Steroids
Eicosanoids
Give examples of modified amino acid derivatives
Dopamine
Thyroxine
What are modified amino acid derivatives derived from?
Tyrosine or tryptophan
What are peptides and proteins derived from?
Amino acids
Give some examples of peptides and proteins
Neuropeptides - vasopressi
Pituitary hormones - gonadotrophin
GI hormones - insulin
What are steroids derived from?
Cholesterol
What are some examples of steroids?
Sex hormones - testosteorne
Corticosteroids - hydrocortisone
What are eicosanoids derived from?
Lipids
What are some examples of eicosanoids?
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
What is an excipient?
Anything else added that isn’t the drug. Doesn’t have a pharmacological effect
Give examples of excipients
Diluents / fillers (lactose, water) Surfactants (polysorbates) Lubriants (Mg stearate) Disintegrants (starch) Viscosity enhancing agents (cellulose derivatives) Flavours, colours, perfumes Sweetening agents Preservatives
when is local delivery used?
Rapid onset of action
Less drug required
Absorption into blood stream isn’t required
Absorption into blood stream can lead to unwanted side effects
What are the biopharmaceutical factors of peptide hormones?
Not absorbed after oral administration as enzymatic degradation occurs in lumen of GI tract
Any that survives can’t readily cross GI epithelium into blood as it is too large
How do the types of insulin vary?
Onset - how quickly they act
Peak - how quickly they achieve maximum impact
Duration
Route of delivery
Describe the adaptions that make the pulmonary route so effective
Large surface area Thin epithelial barrier Good blood supply Avoids harsh environment of GI tract Avoids first-pass hepatic metabolism
What is inhaled insulin?
Rapid-acting inhaled insulin
Taken at beginning of each meal
Used in combination with long-acting injected insulin
Action is prolonged so there could be a risk of late-meal low blood sugars
What are some alternatives to the oral route for systemic delivery?
Parental route - IM, injection, implant Transdermal route - patch or gel Intranasal route - spray Buccal route - mucoadhesive system Vaginal - gel
Describe nexplanon
Progestogen-only contraception
Contains etonorgesterel in each flexible rod
Delivered by sub-dermal implantation
Provides effective contraception for up to 3 years
Systemic delivery
What are the 2 major types of transdermal delivery system products?
Reservoir - active ingredient is held in a solution or suspension between the backing layer and a rate-controlling membrane
Matrix - solution or suspension dispersed within polymer or cotton pad in direct contact with the skin. Held on the skin by adhesive applied by perimeter of the system
