Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 203 Reproduction & endocrinology > T1 L3 Nuts and bolts of the endocrine system > Flashcards

T1 L3 Nuts and bolts of the endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of the endocrine system?

A

Normal growth and development
Adaption to internal and external environment
Contribute to process of sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the structure of endocrine glands

A

Functional unit consisting of cuboidal secretory cells with a lumen at the centre
Secretory cells supported by myoepithelial cells
Not all functional units have a lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What factors influence the effect a hormone will have on a cell’s metabolism?

A

Number of molecules available
Number of receptors available
Affinity hormone - receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the classifications of hormones?

A

Steroid

Protein / peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Action of a hormone on a target organ away from the secreting cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does autocrine mean?

A

Action of the hormone on the secreting cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does paracrine mean?

A

Action of the hormone on the adjacent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does neuroendocrine mean?

A

Neural stimulation of endocrine cells to secrete hormones e.g. medulla of the adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the hypophysis located?

A

In sella turcica in sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the blood supply to the hypophysis?

A

2 blood vessels branching from internal carotid
Superior hypophyseal
Inferior hypophyseal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the superior hypophyseal supply?

A

Median eminence and upper park of stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the inferior hypophyseal supply?

A

Neurohypophysis and lower part of stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the pathway of blood flow through the hypophyseal

A

1) Capillary plexus in median eminence and stalk ending
2) Portal vein
3) Anterior lobe of pituitary
4) Secondary capillary plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the size and shape of the thyroid gland

A

Bilobed gland in the neck
4 x 2cms, 30g
2 lateral lobes connected by isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are para-follicular cells or clear (C) cells found?

A

Between follicles of thyroid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do C cells do?

A

Secrete calcitonin which promotes reduction of calcium concentration in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the thyroid gland derived from?

A

Endoderm

Develops as a growth from floor of pharynx near base of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of the thyroid?

A

Regulate tissue metabolism
Growth
Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?

A

Superior thyroid from external carotid

Inferior thyroid from subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the blood drainage from the thyroid?

A

External plexus into internal jugular vein and brachiocephalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the parathyroid glands

A

2 superior and 2 inferior embedded in capsule of thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the development of the parathyroid glands

A

From cells originating from 3/4th pharyngeal pouches
Migrate caudally with thymus
Inferior parathyroids travel further to lie lower compared to superior parathyroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid glands?

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium and phosphate levels within homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens if the parathyroid glands are removed?

A

1) Fall in blood calcium levels
2) Muscles (including respiratory and laryngeal) go into titanic contraction
3) Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior thyroid

Superior thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the blood drainage from the parathyroid glands?

A

Superior thyroid
Middle thyroid
Inferior thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the nervous supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

Middle cervical ganglions

Inferior cervical ganglions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Superior pole of kidneys

Retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the structure of the adrenal glands?

A

Outer capsule
Cortex
Medulla
Pyramidal and semilunar

30
Q

What does the cortex of the adrenal glands stem from?

A

Mesoderm

31
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal glands stem from?

A

Neural crest cells

32
Q

In the adrenal glands, what do the cells subadjacent to the capsule do?

A

Secrete mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone

Function to maintain electrolyte balance

33
Q

In the adrenal glands, what do the cells in the deeper part of the cortex do?

A

Secrete glucocorticoids e.g. hydrocortisone

Affect metabolism and electrolyte balance

34
Q

What are the 3 distinct zones in the cortex of the adrenal glands?

A

Zona glomerulose
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

35
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
Absorption of sodium

36
Q

What does the zona fasciculate secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids
Cortisol and corticosterone
Sex hormones

37
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

17 ketosteroids

Sex hormones

38
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Secretory cells

Develop from same embryonic tissue as sympathetic ganglia

39
Q

What do the compact cells in the medulla secrete?

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

40
Q

What is the blood supply to the adrenal glands?

A

Superior suprarenal arteries
Middle suprarenal arteries
Inferior suprarenal arteries

41
Q

Where do the superior suprarenal arteries come from?

A

Inferior phrenic artery

42
Q

Where do the middle suprarenal arteries come from?

A

Aorta

43
Q

Where do the inferior suprarenal arteries come from?

A

Renal artery

44
Q

What is the venous drainage of the right adrenal gland?

A

Right adrenal vein into the IVC

45
Q

What is the venous drainage of the left adrenal gland?

A

Left adrenal vein into renal vein

46
Q

What do acidophils do?

A

Take up acidic dyes

47
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Take up basic dyes

48
Q

What hormones do somatotrophy cells produce?

A

Growth hormone that is taken up by bone

49
Q

What hormones do lactotroph cells produce?

A

Prolactin which targets breasts

50
Q

What hormones do corticotrophy cells produce?

A

ACTH which targets the adrenal glands

51
Q

What hormones do gonadotroph cells produce?

A

FSH which targets the ovary and testis

52
Q

What hormones do thydrotoph cells produce?

A

TSH which target the thyroid gland

53
Q

Describe the pathology of pituitary adenomas

A

Benign tumours
Arise from anterior lobe
Functional or non-functional
10% of intra-cranial neoplasms

54
Q

What symptoms are caused by the space occupying effect of adenomas?

A 
Headaches
Vomiting
Nausea
Diplopia
Impaired vision
55
Q

What impact does a lack of iodine have on the thyroid gland

A

Enlarges (goitre) to absorb the maximum concentration of iodine

56
Q

Describe Grave’s disease

A 
Hyperthyroid
Auto-antibodies stimulate TSH receptors
Hyperplasia of thyroid cells leads to diffuse enlargement of thyroid gland
Infiltrative opthalmopathy
Infiltrative dermopathy
57
Q

What is infiltrative opthalmopathy?

A

Accumulation of soft tissue and inflammatory cells behind the eye leading to proptosis

58
Q

What is infiltrative dermopathy?

A

Thickening and induration of skin on anterior shin leading to pre-tibial myxoedema

59
Q

Describe Hashimoto’s disease

A

Hypothyroid
Autoimmune disease
Progressive depletion of thyroid cells by inflammation leading it to be replaced by fibrosis

60
Q

What are the results of clinical tests in Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Decreased T3/T4

Increased TSH

61
Q

What is the pathologic evidence of Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Irregular with solid cut surface

Prominent lymphocytic infiltrate

62
Q

What is a follicular adenoma?

A

Benign tumour of thyroid follicular cells

63
Q

What can cause adrenocortical hyperactivity?

A

Hyperplasia, adenoma or cancer
Cushing’s syndrome - excess cortisol
Conn’s syndrome - excess aldosterone
Adrenogenital syndrome - excess androgens

64
Q

What can cause adrenocortical insufficiency?

A

Addison’s disease

65
Q

What is phaechromocytoma?

A

Tumour of adrenal medulla

Caused by high levels of catecholamines

66
Q

What are the consequences of phaechromocytoma?

A 
Increased BP
Tachycardia
Palpitations
Headache
Sweating
Tremor
67
Q

What are the consequences of increased BP?

A

Congestive heart failure
Ischaemic heart disease
Cardiac arrhythmias
Cerebrovascular accident

68
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excess cortisol

69
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome?

A

Excess aldosterone

70
Q

What is Adrenogenital syndrome?

A

Excess androgens

Module 203 Reproduction & endocrinology (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions