T-Z

Question 1

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goats.

Answer 1

task leadership

Question 2

early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram- “go car” -using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words.

Answer 2

telegraphic speech

Question 3

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Answer 3

temperament

Question 4

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear

Answer 4

temporal lobes

Question 5

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Answer 5

teratogens

Question 6

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Answer 6

testosterone

Question 7

the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

Answer 7

thalamus

Question 8

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
the storage and retrieval of information.

Answer 8

THC

Question 9

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Answer 9

Thematic Apperception Test

Question 10

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

Answer 10

theory of mind

Question 11

assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed from above.

Answer 11

Theory X

Question 12

assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.

Answer 12

Theory Y

Question 13

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations.

Answer 13

theory

Question 14

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Answer 14

threshold

Question 15

an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.

Answer 15

token economy

Question 16

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

Answer 16

tolerance

Question 17

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Answer 17

long term memory

Question 18

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

Answer 18

top-down processing

Question 19

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by inventories and peer reports

Answer 19

trait

Question 20

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses.

Answer 20

transduction

Question 21

In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

Answer 21

transference

Question 22

Schachter’s theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively abet the arousal

Answer 22

two-factor theory

Question 23

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.

Answer 23

two-word stage

Question 24

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Answer 24

Type A

Question 25

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Answer 25

Type B

Question 26

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

Answer 26

unconditional positive regard

Question 27

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

Answer 27

unconditioned response

Question 28

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response.

Answer 28

unconditioned stimulus

Question 29

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Answer 29

unconcious

Question 30

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

Answer 30

variable-interval schedule

Question 31

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 31

variable-ratio schedule

Question 32

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

Answer 32

vestibular sense

Question 33

the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.

Answer 33

visual capture

Question 34

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

Answer 34

visual cliff

Question 35

the encoding of picture images.

Answer 35

visual encoding

Question 36

the distance from the peak of one tight or sound wave to the peak of the next.

Answer 36

wavelength

Question 37

the principle that, to perceive their difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).

Answer 37

Weber’s law

Question 38

the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; it contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

Answer 38

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Question 39

a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

Answer 39

Wernicke’s area

Question 40

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Answer 40

withdrawl

Question 41

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female.

Answer 41

X chromosome

Question 42

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X sex chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Answer 42

Y chromosome

Question 43

Theory the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any colon

Answer 43

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic

Question 44

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Answer 44

zygote