T-Z Flashcards
goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goats.
task leadership
early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram- “go car” -using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words.
telegraphic speech
a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
temperament
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear
temporal lobes
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
teratogens
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
testosterone
the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
thalamus
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
the storage and retrieval of information.
THC
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Thematic Apperception Test
people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
theory of mind
assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed from above.
Theory X
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.
Theory Y
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations.
theory
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
threshold
an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.
token economy
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
tolerance
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
long term memory
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
top-down processing
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by inventories and peer reports
trait
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses.
transduction
In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).
transference
Schachter’s theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively abet the arousal
two-factor theory
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
two-word stage
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
Type B
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.
unconditional positive regard
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
unconditioned response
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response.
unconditioned stimulus
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
unconcious
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
variable-ratio schedule
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
vestibular sense
the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.
visual capture
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.
visual cliff
the encoding of picture images.
visual encoding
the distance from the peak of one tight or sound wave to the peak of the next.
wavelength
the principle that, to perceive their difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
Weber’s law
the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; it contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
Wernicke’s area
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
withdrawl
the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female.
X chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X sex chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.
Y chromosome
Theory the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any colon
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
zygote
