C

Question 1

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (i) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Answer 1

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 2

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Answer 2

case study

Question 3

emotional release In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Answer 3

catharsis

Question 4

the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 4

Central Nervous System

Question 5

the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance.

Answer 5

Cerebellum

Question 6

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center

Answer 6

cerebral cortex

Question 7

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

Answer 7

chromosomes

Question 8

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Answer 8

chunking

Question 9

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Answer 9

circadian rhythm

Question 10

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 10

classical conditioning

Question 11

a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth.

Answer 11

client-centered therapy

Question 12

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

Answer 12

clinical psychology

Question 13

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

Answer 13

cochlea

Question 14

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering

Answer 14

cognition

Question 15

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

Answer 15

cognitive behavior therapy

Question 16

a mental~ representation of the layout of one’s environment For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have teamed a cognitive map of it

Answer 16

cognitive map

Question 17

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Answer 17

cognitive therapy

Question 18

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent, For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Answer 18

cognitive-dissonance theory

Question 19

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

Answer 19

collective unconcious

Question 20

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or worl( group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

Answer 20

collectivism

Question 21

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.

Answer 21

color constancy

Question 22

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Answer 22

companionate love

Question 23

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Answer 23

concept

Question 24

in Piaget’s theory the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Answer 24

concrete-operational stage

Question 25

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.

Answer 25

conditioned reinforcer

Question 26

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS).

Answer 26

conditioned response

Question 27

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Answer 27

conditioned stimulus

Question 28

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.

Answer 28

conduction hearing loss

Question 29

receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Answer 29

cones

Question 30

a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

Answer 30

confirmation bias

Question 31

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Answer 31

conflict

Question 32

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Answer 32

conformity

Question 33

our awareness of ourselves and our environments

Answer 33

conciousness

Question 34

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Answer 34

conservation

Question 35

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks).

Answer 35

content validity

Question 36

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Answer 36

continuous reinforcement

Question 37

the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Answer 37

control condition

Question 38

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object

Answer 38

convergence

Question 39

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in the United States.

Answer 39

coronary heart disease

Question 40

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Answer 40

corpus callosum

Question 41

a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Answer 41

correlation coefficient

Question 42

a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning.

Answer 42

counter conditioning

Question 43

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Answer 43

creativity

Question 44

the behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity.

Answer 44

criterion

Question 45

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Answer 45

critical period

Question 46

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Answer 46

critical thinking

Question 47

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Answer 47

cross sectional study

Question 48

one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Answer 48

crystallized intelligence

Question 49

scan a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body.

Answer 49

CT (computed tomography)

Question 50

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 50

culture