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Principles of Animal Physiology > T > Flashcards

T Flashcards

1
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid heartbeat.

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2
Q

Tactile Receptors

A

Receptors on the skin that are sensitive to touch.

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3
Q

Tagmata

A

In segemented animals, a group of segments that are joined together and share a function, such as head, thorax, or abdomen of insects.

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4
Q

Tank Reactor

A

In gut reactor theory, a type of gut in which nutrients flow into the gut where they are mixed with gut contents, and simultaneously the gut expels fluids that consist of partially degraded nutrients.

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5
Q

Tapetum

A

A layer of tissue found in the eye of many vertebrates; involved in reflecting light.

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6
Q

Tastants

A

Chemicals that are detected by the sense of taste.

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7
Q

Taste Bud

A

Structure involved in gustation in the vertebrates.

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8
Q

T Cells

A

A class of lymphocytes that is produced in the thymus.

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9
Q

Tectum

A

Dorsal region of the vertebrate midbrain involved in coordinating visual and
auditory responses.

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10
Q

Tegmentum

A

An area within the brainstem of the vertebrate brain.

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11
Q

Teleost Fish

A

The most common subclass of the bony fishes.

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12
Q

Temporal Heterothermy

A

A thermal strategy whereby a homeothermic animal exhibits periods of poikilothermy, typically to allow a reduction in metabolic rate; also known as relaxed endothermy.

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13
Q

Temporal Summation

A

The process by which graded potentials occurring at slightly different times combine to influence the net graded potential of the cell.

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14
Q

Tendon

A

The connection between a muscle and a bone.

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15
Q

Tension, Muscular

A

The force produced by a contracting muscle.

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16
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A

An enlargement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum near the muscle plasma membrane, specifically T-tubules.

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17
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

The three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule, stabilized by numerous weak bonds.

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18
Q

Testosterone

A

A steroid hormone that stimulates the development of male characteristics.

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19
Q

Tetanus

A

The sustained contraction of a muscle arising from multiple stimulations in close succession.

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20
Q

Tetrapods

A

Vertebrates with four limbs, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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21
Q

Thalamus

A

One of the basal ganglia of the vertebrate brain that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

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22
Q

Theca

A

The outer layer of somatic cells surrounding a follicle, separated from the inner granulosa cells by a basal lamina.

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23
Q

Thermal Conductance

A

The transfer of thermal energy either within an object or from one object to another.

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24
Q

Thermal Energy

A

Energy associated with heat production.

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25
Q

Thermodynamics

A

A branch of physics that deals with the relationship between heat and other forms of energy.

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26
Q

Thermogenesis

A

Heat production.

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27
Q

Thermogenin

A

The mitochondrial uncoupling protein found in mammalian brown adipose tissue.

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28
Q

Thermoneutral Zone

A

The range of ambient temperatures over which an animal does not need to alter metabolic processes to maintain internal constancy.

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29
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

A sensory receptor that responds to temperature.

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30
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The physiological strategy an animal uses to control temperature within the desired range.

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31
Q

Thick Filament

A

A polymer of about 300 myosin dimers that produces the contractile force in muscle.

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32
Q

Thin Filament

A

A muscle-specific α-actin polymer similar in structure to a microfilament; serves as a framework that translates actinomyosin activity into force generation.

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33
Q

Threshold of Detection

A

The minimum level of a stimulus that can be detected by a sensory receptor.

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34
Q

Threshold Potential

A

The critical value of the membrane potential in an excitable cell to which the membrane must be depolarized in order for an action potential to be initiated.

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35
Q

Threshold Stimulus

A

The smallest stimulus that can provoke a response in a cell.

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36
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

An iodine-containing hormone produced by the thyroid gland that is involved in the regulation of metabolism.

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37
Q

Tidal Ventilation

A

A form of ventilation where inhaled and exhaled medium moves along the same pathway.

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38
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The volume of a respiratory medium moved into or out of a respiratory structure during a single breath.

39
Q

Tight Epithelia

A

An epithelial layer with cell–cell connections that limit or prevent paracellular transport.

40
Q

Tight Junction

A

A type of intercellular connection that is capable of preventing the free movement of molecules between the cells.

41
Q

Time Constant (t)

A

A parameter that characterizes the rate of decay of a change in the membrane potential.

42
Q

Tip Link

A

Part of the hair cell in the inner ear and neuromast of vertebrates.

43
Q

Tissue

A

An aggregation of related cells linked together by various types of intercellular connections.

44
Q

Titin

A

A very large protein that runs along the thin filament in striated muscle, determining its length and orienting into the sarcomere.

45
Q

Toll-Like Receptors, or TLRs

A

An ancient group of receptors found on cells of the innate immune system, responsible for detection of pathogens.

46
Q

Tonic Muscle

see also phasic muscle

A

A muscle type with a slow contraction that persists for long periods.

47
Q

Tonic Receptor

A

A receptor that produces action potentials throughout the duration of a stimulus.

48
Q

Tonicity

A

The property of an extracellular solution that determines whether a cell will swell or shrink.

49
Q

Torpor

A

A type of dormancy characterized by a relatively short period of hypometabolism.

50
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

The volume of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration; the maximum amount of air that can be held in the lungs.

51
Q

Total Peripheral Resistance

A

The net resistance of the vasculature.

52
Q

Totipotent Stem Cell

A

An embryonic cell that has the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell when given the appropriate cell signaling information.

53
Q

Trabeculae

A

Any partition that divides or partially divides a cavity

54
Q

Trachea (plural: tracheae)

A

The single large airway leading to the paired bronchi of vertebrate lungs; also, the nonhomologous respiratory structures that are the main conducting airways in arthropod tracheal systems.

55
Q

Tracheal System

A

The respiratory structures of insects and some other groups of air-breathing arthropods.

56
Q

Tracheoles

A

The terminal structures of arthropod tracheal systems across which gas exchange takes place.

57
Q

Tracts

A

Groupings of axons within the central nervous system of vertebrates.

58
Q

Transcellular Transport

A

Movement of solutes or water across a cell layer through the cell itself, typically crossing both apical and basolateral cell membranes.

59
Q

Transcription

A

RNA synthesis using the DNA template of a gene.

60
Q

Transcytosis

A

Vesicular transport of materials across a cell.

61
Q

Transducin

A

An inhibitory G protein involved in visual signal transduction in the vertebrates.

62
Q

Transgenic Animal

A

An animal that has been genetically modified to possess a heritable mutation.

63
Q

Transition State

A

A temporary, intermediate state in the conversion of substrate to product when a molecule obtains enough energy to reach the activation energy barrier.

64
Q

Translation

A

Protein synthesis using ribosomes and mRNA template.

65
Q

Transmembrane Receptor

A

A receptor protein that spans the cell membrane; consists of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain.

65
Q

Transmembrane Receptor

A

A receptor protein that spans the cell membrane; consists of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain.

66
Q

Transmural Pressure

A

The pressure difference across the wall of a chamber (e.g., a blood vessel, heart, or airway).

67
Q

Transpirational Water Loss

A

Water loss arising from gas exchange across the respiratory surface.

68
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure

A

The difference between the intra-alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in mammalian lungs.

69
Q

Triacylglycerol

or triglyceride

A

Three fatty acids esterified to a glycerol molecule.

70
Q

Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

A

The cyclical mitochondrial pathway that oxidizes acetyl CoA to form 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP; the pathway that produces most of the CO2 arising from metabolism.

71
Q

Trichromatic Color Vision

A

The system of three different photoreceptors by which humans and some other animals obtain color vision.

72
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle of the mammalian heart.

73
Q

Trimer

A

A molecule composed of three subunits.

74
Q

tRNA

or transfer RNA

A

A cloverleaf-shaped RNA molecule that binds a particular amino acid and participates in translation, binding to a three-nucleotide sequence of mRNA (codon) to transfer the amino acid to a growing polypeptide.

75
Q

Triploblastic

A

Having three primary germ layers.

76
Q

Trophoblast

A

An outer layer of cells derived from the mammalian blastocyst that forms the interface between the fertilized ovum and the uterine wall.

77
Q

Trophosome

A

Found in the body of vent worms, this sac contains endosymbiotic bacteria.

78
Q

Tropic Hormones

or trophic hormones

A

Hormones that cause the release of other hormones.

79
Q

Tropomyosin

A

A regulatory protein that stretches across seven actin monomers in a thin filament, controlling myosin’s access to its binding site on the thin filament.

80
Q

Troponin

A

A trimeric regulatory protein bound to tropomyosin. It responds to high [Ca2+] by inducing tropomyosin to move into a position that allows myosin to bind actin.

81
Q

T-tubule

A

An extension of the plasma membrane (sarcolemma) of some muscles that serves to improve the conduction of the action potential into the fiber.

82
Q

Tubulin

A

The monomeric protein subunit of microtubules, itself a dimer of alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin.

83
Q

Tunica Externa

A

Outer layer of the wall of a vertebrate blood vessel.

84
Q

Tunica Intima

A

Inner layer of the wall of a vertebrate blood vessel.

85
Q

Tunica Media

A

Middle layer of the wall of a vertebrate blood vessel.

86
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

A disordered pattern of fluid flow over the surface of an object that reduces the efficiency of movement of the object through the fluid.

87
Q

Turnover Number

A

The number of times a single enzyme molecule completes a reaction cycle each second; also known as the catalytic constant (k_cat).

88
Q

Turnover Rate

A

The number of catalytic events in a given period of time. For an individual enzyme, it is synonymous with the catalytic constant (k_cat). It can also be used to describe the rate of synthesis and degradation of a metabolite, such as ATP.

89
Q

T Wave

A

The portion of an electrocardiogram (EKG) that represents the repolarization of the ventricle.

90
Q

Twitch Fibers

A

Muscle fibers that undergo a rapid contraction/relaxation cycle (a twitch), in contrast to tonic fibers.

91
Q

Twitch Muscle

A

A muscle that contracts and relaxes once after each neuronal stimulus; a phasic muscle.

92
Q

Tympanal Organ

A

Sensory receptor involved in hearing in insects; insect ears.

93
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. Helps to transfer sound vibrations to the inner ear.

Principles of Animal Physiology (98 decks)

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