2012 Flashcards
- Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of chordates?
a. Ventral nervous system
b. Ventral heart
c. Gills at some stage of life
d. A tail extending past the anus
e. A notochord
a. Ventral nervous system
- Which of the following physiological responses is an example of a negative feedback response loop?
a. An increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration
b. Stimulation of a nerve cell causes sodium ions to leak into the cell, and the sodium influx triggers the inward leaking of more sodium
c. During childbirth, the baby’s head against the cervix causes an increase in plasma oxytocin concentration
d. Blood clot formation
e. Salivary glands activated at the sight of food
a. An increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration **
- The fish tank below indicates a negative feedback response loop in terms of water temperature.Which letter correctly identifies the effector in this scenario?
- A & G
- C
- G, B & D
- All except A
C **
- The opposite diagram is BEST
described as ______________________ .
a. Positive feedback
b. Homeostasis
c. Negative feedback
d. Feed forward control
e. Feed backward control
Negative feedback**
- Match the cell membrane transport processes indicated in the diagram BELOW with their correct description.
1
4
3
2
Membrane structure
Transport process
a.
1
None
facilitated diffusion
b.
2
None
active transport
c.
2 & 3
Transport protein
active transport
d.
4
Transport protein
active transport
e.
4
Transport protein
facilitated diffusion
d.
4
Transport protein
active transport **
- Which of the following change shape in response to the presence of specific molecules in order to transport those molecules across the cell membrane?
a. Structural proteins
b. Enzymes
c. Carrier proteins
d. Channel proteins (eg aquaporins)
e. Ligands
c. Carrier proteins
- The Na-K ATPase pump moves ______ Na+ molecule(s) out of a cell and ______ K+ molecule(s) into a cell per ______ molecule(s) ATP hydrolysed.
a. One One One
b. One Two Three
c. Two Three One
d. Three Two One
e. Three Three One
d. Three Two One
- Which of the following BEST distinguishes between osmolarity and tonicity?
a. Osmolarity is a passive process but tonicity involves active transport
b. Osmolarity is only of concern in the present of salt
c. Tonicity takes into account only non-penetrating solutes
d. Tonicity is affected by the concentration of the permeable solutes
e. Tonicity is given in absolute values
c. Tonicity takes into account only non-penetrating solutes
- Which ONE of the following BEST defines connective tissues as a group?
a. They are typically acellular
b. They connect other structures, e.g. muscle to bone
c. They are predominantly composed of extracellular matrix
d. They are derived from the embryonic mesoderm
e. They have a poor blood supply
c. They are predominantly composed of extracellular matrix
- In the tube illustrated BELOW, fluid is flowing into the tube (at the point indicated by the arrow) at a flow rate of 2 L per minute.Three points along the tube are labelled 1, 2 and 3.Which ONE of the following is a CORRECT statement about the movement of fluid in this tube?
- Fluid flow will be highest at Point 2
- Both fluid flow and fluid velocity will be lowest at Point 2
- Both fluid flow and fluid velocity will be highest at Point 2
- Fluid velocity will be highest at Point 3
- Fluid velocity will be the same at Points 1, 2 and 3
- Fluid velocity will be highest at Point 3
- Which of the following statements is FALSE for the main solutes in vertebrates?
a. Perturbing solutes disrupt macromolecule function
b. Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4+ and charged amino acids are disrupting solutes
c. Compatible solutes have little affect on macromolecule function
d. Polyols (e.g. glycerol, glucose) and uncharged amino acids are compatible solutes
e. Counteracting solutes disrupt function only when in combination with other solutes (e.g. urea and methylamines)
e. Counteracting solutes disrupt function only when in combination with other solutes (e.g. urea and methylamines)
- Select the option that CORRECTLY ranks these vertebrate diets from least to most preformed water
least preformed water
↔
most preformed water
a.
Green pasture
Dry grass
Meat
b.
Green pasture
Insects
Dry grass
c.
Dry seeds
Insects
Green pasture
d.
Dry seeds
Green pasture
Dry grass
e.
Nectar
Meat
Insects
c.
Dry seeds
Insects
Green pasture **
- The following list indicates the main nitrogenous waste for each vertebrate group (although there are some exceptions to this rule).Which pair is INCORRECT?
Vertebrate group
main nitrogenous waste
a.
Teleosts (bony fish)
ammonia and urea
b.
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
urea
c.
Amphibians
ammonia, urea and uric acid
d.
Birds and reptiles
uric acid
e.
Mammals
uric acid
e.
Mammals
uric acid
- A marine fish (a maintains water and electrolyte balance by retention of ____________ , the perturbing effects of which are counteracted by the presence of____________ .
a.
Electrolytes
Urea
b.
Electrolytes
TMAO (trimethylamine oxide)
c.
Urea
TMAO (trimethylamine oxide)
d.
Urea
Rectal glands
e.
Electrolytes
Rectal glands
c.
Urea
TMAO (trimethylamine oxide) **
- Alcohol and caffeine inhibit Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion from the pituitary. Select the option that BEST describes the consequences of inhibited ADH secretion.
a. Small volume of concentrated urine will be produced
b. Small volume of dilute urine will be produced
c. Large volume of concentrated urine will be produced
d. More aquaporins (water channels) will be inserted into the renal collecting ducts
e. The renal collecting ducts will remain impermeable to water
e. The renal collecting ducts will remain impermeable to water
- The diagrams below show two types of nephron in the mammalian kidney.Choose the option that does NOT accurately describe the differences between these two nephron types.
a.
‘Cortical’ nephron
‘Juxtamedullary’ nephron
b.
Located primarily within the cortex of the kidney
A large proportion of the nephron present in the medulla of the kidney
c.
Short loops of Henle
Long loops of Henle
d.
Produce relatively dilute urine
Produce the medullary osmotic gradient
e.
More pronounced (greater proportion of the nephrons) in species adapted to arid environments
Less pronounced (smaller proportion of the nephrons) in species adapted to arid environments
e.
More pronounced (greater proportion of the nephrons) in species adapted to arid environments
Less pronounced (smaller proportion of the nephrons) in species adapted to arid environments**
- There are three main types of cartilage, hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.Which of the following BEST describes these types?
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
a.
smooth and firm, found between articular joints
high tensile strength, found within intervertebral discs
highly elastic, found within the ear cartilage
b.
soft and spongy, found in all extracellular matrices
low tensile strength, found within nose cartilage
highly elastic, found within the ear cartilage
c.
soft and spongy found within intervertebral discs
smooth and firm, found between articular joints
highly elastic, found within the contractile sarcomere of the muscle
d.
smooth and firm, found within intervertebral discs
soft and spongy, found between articular joints
highly elastic, found within the ear cartilage
e.
None of the above
a.
smooth and firm, found between articular joints
high tensile strength, found within intervertebral discs
highly elastic, found within the ear cartilage**
- Which of the following is NOT TRUE about type I collagen?
a. it is the most abundant protein in the mammalian body
b. it best resists tensile forces
c. it is secreted from the cell as procollagen which then assembles spontaneously
d. it is the major component of skin dermis
e. it resists hydrophilic expansion of aggrecan in articular cartilage
e. it resists hydrophilic expansion of aggrecan in articular cartilage
- Which of the following tissue properties is UNIQUE to bone?
a. its major component by weight is inorganic mineral
b. its major component by weight is extracellular material
c. it is resistant to compression
d. it has a very low water content
e. it contains multinucleate cells
a. its major component by weight is inorganic mineral
- The term sarcomere is BEST defined as:
a. one set of actin and myosin filaments
b. the smallest functional contractile unit of a myofibril
c. a serially-repeating unit of a myofilament
d. the width of a Z-disc
e. the optimal myofibril length on the tension-length curve
b. the smallest functional contractile unit of a myofibril
- Which ONE of the following is a CORRECT statement about current flow in a nerve axon?
a. Increasing axon diameter decreases passive current flow along the axonal cytoplasm
b. Myelin decreases current leakage across the axonal membrane
c. Increasing axon diameter decreases current leakage across the axonal membrane
d. Current leakage across axonal membranes is lowest at the Nodes of Ranvier
e. Myelin decreases passive current flow along the axonal cytoplasm
b. Myelin decreases current leakage across the axonal membrane
- Which ONE of the following defines the adequate stimulus of a sensory receptor?
a. The threshold at which a generator potential is produced
b. The speed with which the generator potential is produced
c. The size of the receptive field that is detecting the stimulus
d. The modality to which the receptors responds best
The process involved in sensory transduction
d. The modality to which the receptors responds best
- Which ONE of the following is involved in the brain “recognising” the intensity of a mechanical stimulus applied to the skin?
a. The amplitude of action potentials in sensory nerves is greater for more intense stimuli
b. The frequency of action potentials in sensory nerves is greater for more intense stimuli
c. There are specific sensory receptors that detect different intensities of mechanical stimuli
d. There are specific areas in the brain that receive different intensities of mechanical stimuli
e. The neurotransmitter released from afferent neurons differs with stimuli of differing intensities
b. The frequency of action potentials in sensory nerves is greater for more intense stimuli
- The conduction of sound waves from the middle ear to the inner ear is associated with which ONE of the following?
a. Transmission through the Organ of Corti
b. Vibration of the stapes (stirrup) against the round window
c. Vibration of the stapes (stirrup) against the oval window
d. Vibration of the malleus (hammer) against the stapes (stirrup).
e. Vibration of the incus (anvil) against the tympanic membrane
c. Vibration of the stapes (stirrup) against the oval window
- Which ONE of the following skin receptors would be involved in detecting an infection associated with a splinter of wood in the tip of a finger?
a. Merkel’s disks
b. Ruffini’s corpuscles
c. Meissner’s corpuscles
d. Thermoreceptors
e. Nociceptors
e. Nociceptors
- Which ONE of the following is a function of the fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye?
a. Provide nutrients to the sclera
b. Provide nutrients to the cornea and lens
c. Help focus light on the retina
d. Directs light through the pupil
e. Maintain the blood supply to the ciliary body
b. Provide nutrients to the cornea and lens
- The saccule detects movement in which ONE of the following directions?
a. Angular acceleration, as when nodding the head “yes”
b. Angular acceleration, as when shaking the head “no”
c. Angular acceleration, from side to side
d. Linear acceleration forward and backward
e. Linear acceleration up or down
e. Linear acceleration up or down
- Which ONE of the following is detected by Type II taste receptor cells?
a. Salty
b. Sweet and umami**
c. Umami and salty
d. Sweet and sour
e. Bitter
e. Bitter
- In aquatic animals, which ONE of the following is a function of neuromasts?
a. Prey location by electrodetection
b. Navigation by magnetodetection
c. Detection of movement through water
d. Detection of sound in water
e. The production of an electrical field around the animal
c. Detection of movement through water
- The following graph shows the relationship between the rate of a biochemical reaction (e.g. enzyme activity) and temperature.Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding this biochemical reaction?
- The rate of this reaction is independent of temperature
- The rate of this reaction can be described as having a Q10=1
- The rate of this reaction can be described as having a Q10=2
- The rate of this reaction can be described as having a Q10=3
- Biochemical reactions should not be affected by temperature
The rate of this reaction can be described as having a Q10=2