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Principles of Animal Physiology > D > Flashcards

D Flashcards

1
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A

The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the constituent gases.

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2
Q

Dead Space

A

The portion of the respiratory system containing gas that does not participate in gas exchange; the sum of the anatomical and physiological dead spaces.

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3
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of an amino group from a molecule, usually an amino acid.

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4
Q

Defecation

A

The expulsion of feces.

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5
Q

Defensin

A

A widespread protein that is cytotoxic to microbial pathogens, incorporated into the pathogen cell membrane to create a pore that permits movement of ions, killing the target cell.

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6
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

A class of enzymes that involves an exchange of electrons between a substrate and product.

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7
Q

Delayed Implantation

A

A reproductive strategy in which a fertilized ovum fails to implant
in the uterus, thereby delaying embryonic growth until external conditions are favorable.

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8
Q

Denature

A

The loss of three-dimensional structure (unfolding) of a complex macromolecule, such as protein or nucleic acid.

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

The branching extensions of a neuronal cell body that carry signals toward the cell body.

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10
Q

Dendritic

A

A tree-like pattern of branching.

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11
Q

Dendrodendritic Synapse

A

A synapse formed between the dendrites of two neurons.

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12
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen.

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13
Q

Depolarization

A

A change in the membrane potential of a cell from its normally negative resting membrane potential to a more positive value; a relative increase in the positive charge on the inside of the cell membrane.

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14
Q

Depolarization-Induced Ca2+ Release

A

A mode of muscle activation in which calcium crossing the sarcolemma through a Ca2+ channel causes a depolarization of the membrane, which directly opens a Ca2+ channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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15
Q

Depolarization Phase

A

The initial part of an action potential during which the electrical
difference across the membrane becomes smaller (the membrane potential becomes less negative).

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16
Q

Desmosome

A

A type of cell-cell junction common in epithelial tissues.

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17
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

A metabolic condition involving defects in insulin secretion or signal transduction that lead to abnormal regulation of blood glucose. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent (type 1) and non-insulin-dependent (type 2).

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18
Q

Diacylglycerol (DAG, or diglyceride)

A

A second messenger in the phosphatidylinositol signaling system.

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19
Q

Diadromous

A

A life history strategy of fish that includes movement from freshwater to seawater to breed (catadromous) or vice versa (anadromous).

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20
Q

Diaphragm

A

A sheetlike group of muscles that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities of mammals.

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21
Q

Diastole

A

The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart is relaxing.

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22
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

The arterial blood pressure during cardiac diastole.

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23
Q

Dichromats

A

Vertebrates with two types of receptors involved in color vision that detect
different parts of the visible spectrum.

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24
Q

Dietary Water

A

Water that comes into the animal preformed, in contrast to water that arises during the digestive process (metabolic water).

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25
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of a molecule throughout the available space from an
area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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26
Q

Diffusion Coefficient

A

A parameter that reflects the ability of an ion or molecule to diffuse.

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27
Q

Diffusivity

A

The ability of solutes to move through a solution by diffusion.

28
Q

Digastric Stomach

A

A two-compartment stomach found in ruminants; each of the two compartments is further divided into two chambers.

29
Q

Digestible Energy

A

The proportion of ingested energy that can be further processed, leaving
only indigestible material.

30
Q

Digestion

A

The breakdown of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract.

31
Q

Digestive Enzymes

A

Hydrolytic enzymes secreted into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract by
the digestive epithelium and accessory glands.

32
Q

Dihydropyridine Receptor (DHPR)

A

The Ca2+ channel found in muscle plasma membrane, so named because of its ability to bind members of the dihydropyridine class of drugs.

33
Q

Dimer

A

A combination of two monomers, typically in the context of protein structure. A homodimer has two identical monomers, and a heterodimer has two dissimilar monomers.

34
Q

Diploblastic

A

A reference to the two germinal cell layers that are characteristic of cnidarians and ctenophores.

35
Q

Dipnoan

A

A group of sarcopterygian fish commonly called lungfish, most closely related to the fish ancestor of amphibians.

36
Q

Dipole

A

A molecule with both partial positive (δ+) and partial negative (δ−) charges resulting from the asymmetrical distribution of electrons.

37
Q

Direct Calorimetry

A

Measurement of heat production; in the context of animal physiology, a measure of metabolic rate.

38
Q

Disaccharide

A

A sugar composed of two

monosaccharides.

39
Q

Discontinuous Gas Exchange

A

A ventilatory patternseen in some insects in which prolonged periods of apnea are followed by brief but rapid ventilation of the tracheal system.

40
Q

Dissociation Constant (K_d)

A

A measure of the tendency of a complex to dissociate into its components; calculated as the ratio of the product of the concentrations of the dissociated components to the concentration of the complex once the reaction reaches equilibrium (e.g., for the reaction AB Δ A + B, Kd = [A][B]/[AB]).

41
Q

Distal

A

A location furthest from a point of reference.

Opposite of proximal.

42
Q

Distal Tubule

A

The region of a vertebrate kidney tubule just before the collecting tubules.

43
Q

Disulfide Bridge

(also known as a disulfide bond

A

A covalent bond between two sulfhydryl groups, denoted as –S–S–.

44
Q

Diuresis

A

The process of urine formation.

45
Q

Diuretic

A

An agent that promotes urine

formation.

46
Q

Dive Response

A

A collection of physiological responses to forced diving in air-breathing animals.

47
Q

Divergence

A

A pattern in a neural pathway in which a single presynaptic neuron forms synapses with multiple postsynaptic neurons.

48
Q

Diving Bradycardia

A

A reduction in heart rate as a result of submergence in air-breathing animals.

49
Q

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

A polymer of nucleotides that acts as the genetic template.

50
Q

DNA Microarray

A

A high-throughput method of analyzing DNA or RNA.

51
Q

Donnan Equilibrium

A

The chemical equilibrium reached between two solutions separated from each other by a membrane permeable to some of the ions in the solutions.

52
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter (biogenic amine) produced in various regions of the vertebrate brain.

53
Q

Dormancy

see also estivation, hibernation, and torpor

A

A general term for hypometabolic states accompanied by a reduction in activity.

54
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

A region of gray matter within the spinal cord located on the dorsal side.

55
Q

Dorsal Root

A

The dorsal of the two branches of a vertebrate spinal nerve as it enters the spinal
cord. Contains afferent neurons.

56
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

Clusters of afferent cell bodies of neurons in the spinal nerves. Located adjacent to the spinal cord.

57
Q

Doubly Labeled Water

A

An isotopic variant of water (H2O), where a less common isotope is used for both 1H (2H or 3H) and 16O (18O).
Used to measure field metabolic rate.

58
Q

Down-Regulation

see also up-regulation

A

A decrease in the amount or activity of a protein or process;
e.g., a decrease in receptor number or activity on a target cell.

59
Q

Drag

A

A force that resists the forward movement
through a fluid through interactions with the
surface of an object.

60
Q

Drag Coefficient

A

A dimensionless parameter that is used to measure the amount of resistance as an object moves through a fluid.

61
Q

Dual Breather

Also called a bimodal breather

A

An animal that can breathe either

air or water.

62
Q

Duodenum

A

The most proximal region of the small intestine, directly following the stomach.

63
Q

Duty Cycle

A

In cytoskeletal movement, the proportion of time in a cross-bridge cycle that a motor protein binds its cytoskeletal tract.

64
Q

Dynamic Range

A

The range between the minimum and maximum signal that can be discriminated by a sensory receptor.

65
Q

Dynein

see also kinesin

A

Motor protein that works in combination
with microtubules, usually moving in
the minus direction.

66
Q

Dynein Arms

A

The motor proteins that extend from microtubules in the axoneme of cilia and flagella.

67
Q

Dyspnea

A

The sensation of difficulty with breathing.

Principles of Animal Physiology (98 decks)

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