Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Animal Physiology > S > Flashcards

S Flashcards

1
Q

Saccule

A

A region of sensory cells within the inner ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Saliva

A

A solution of enzymes, salts, and water secreted into the oral cavity to lubricate, dissolve, and disrupt food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Salt

A

A neutral molecule composed of an inorganic anion and inorganic cation linked by an ionic bond, such as NaCl (table salt).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Salt Gland

A

An extrarenal gland found in some marine and desert vertebrates that secrete Na+ and Cl− to reduce body salt content.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

The mode of conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons in which action potentials appear to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The cell membrane of a muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sarcomere

A

The contractile unit of striated muscle, typically measured from one Z-disk to the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sarcomere Length

A

The distance between two Z-disks of a sarcomere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sarcoplasm

also known as myoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

The endoplasmic reticulum of muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Satellite Cells

A

A population of omnipotent stem cells found on the surface of striated muscle. When stimulated, satellite cells can enter myogenesis to repair or replace muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Saturated

A

(1) For respiratory pigments, hormone receptors, and carrier proteins, refers to a situation in which all available proteins are bound to their ligand.
(2) For fatty acids, refers to fatty acid chains that lack double bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid with no double bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Scaling

A

The relationship between a parameter, such as metabolic rate, and body size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Scaling Coefficient

A

The slope of a plot of log body mass against log parameter of interest, such as metabolic rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Schwann Cell

A

A type of glial cell in the vertebrates that forms the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sclera

A

Tough outer surface of a vertebrate eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sclerites

A

Platelike sections of an invertebrate exoskeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sclerotization

A

The hardening of the arthropod exoskeleton arising from formation of crosslinks between proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Second Messenger

A

A short-lived intracellular messenger that acts as an intermediate in a signal transduction pathway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Transport of a molecule across a membrane against its electrochemical gradient, driven by the cotransport of another molecule along its electrochemical gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Secondary Structure

A

The folding pattern of a macromolecule; an alpha-helix is an example of the secondary structure of protein and DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Secretagogue

A

A chemical that induces the secretion of another chemical, usually a cell signaling factor such as a hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Secretory Granules

A

Vesicles of secretory product stored within a cell, prepared for release when the cell receives the appropriate signal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Selectivity Filter

A

A part of an ion channel that determines the type of ion that can pass through the pore of the channel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Structures of the inner ear responsible for the sense of balance and body orientation; part of the vestibular apparatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

The valves between the ventricles and the arteries of the vertebrate heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

A pair of glands that store sperm and secrete nutrients and fluids that form the semen, emptying it into the vas deferens upon ejaculation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Semipermeable Membrane

A

A membrane that allows the free movement of some molecules but impedes the movement of others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sensillum (plural: sensilla)

A

Sense organs in the insect cuticle. Involved in the senses of taste, smell, touch, and hearing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sensitization

A

A process by which the response of a neuron to a stimulus is increased.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sensory Modality

A

The category of sensory input that a sensory system detects (e.g., light, sound, pressure).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sensory Neuron

see also afferent neuron

A

A neuron that conveys sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Sensory Receptor

A

A tissue, cell, or protein that detects incoming sensory information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

The process of converting incoming sensory information to changes in cell membrane potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sensory Units

A

The smallest unit of a sensory response defined by all of the receptor endings of a single afferent neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Septum

A

Any structure that divides two tissues or cavities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

SERCA

A

The sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic calcium ATPase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Series Elastic Components

A

Elements of a structure that can store elastic energy when they are deformed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Serosa

see also mucosa

A

Referring to the outer layer of a tissue or organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter (biogenic amine) involved in setting mood and regulating blood flow to the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Elongated cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis that nourish the spermatids during spermatogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Elongated cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis that nourish the spermatids during spermatogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Serum

A

Blood plasma after the clotting factors have been removed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Set Point

A

In a homeostatically controlled system, the level at which the regulated variable is maintained.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

A process in which two cells (each with half the normal genetic complement as a result of meiosis and recombination) fuse to form one descendant cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Shivering Thermogenesis

A

Heat production through uncoordinated stimulation of skeletal muscle contractile units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Shunt

A

A pathway that allows flow of blood between the pulmonary and systemic circuits of a tetrapod circulatory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Signal Transduction Pathways

A

Biochemical pathways in which a change in conformation of a receptor protein in the target cell is converted to a change in the activity of that cell.

50
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

A

A remnant of the sinus venosus found at the top of the right atrium of the mammalian heart.

51
Q

Sinus Venosus

A

The chamber leading to the atrium of the heart in nonmammalian vertebrates.

52
Q

Sinusoidal Capillaries

A

A specialized type of fenestrated capillary with larger intercellular gaps and an incomplete basement membrane that result in extremely high permeability; found only in organs such as liver and bone marrow.

53
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

A general term to describe the striated muscle that works in conjunction with the endoskeleton.

54
Q

Skeletal Muscle Pump

A

A process by which rhythmic contraction of the skeletal muscles in the limbs helps to drive venous return of blood to the heart.

55
Q

Skull

A

The bone or cartilage that surrounds the brain of a vertebrate.

56
Q

Sliding Filament Model

A

A theory that describes the interaction between actin and myosin during cross-bridge cycling.

57
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

A type of muscle that has an irregular arrangement of thick and thin filaments, and thus lacks sarcomeres.

58
Q

SNARES

A

Proteins involved in the fusion of vesicles to the cell membrane

59
Q

Solenocytes

A

The cells that create fluid movements at the end of a protonephridium. Similar to flame cells, but possess one or two flagella rather than a tuft of cilia.

60
Q

Solubility Coefficient

A

Parameter describing the ability of a gas to dissolve in a liquid.

61
Q

Solute

A

The particles (ions or molecules) dissolved in a solution.

62
Q

Solution

A

The fluid in which solutes are dissolved.

63
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid in which solutes are dissolved.

64
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of a neuron, containing the nucleus.

65
Q

Somatic Motor Division (of the nervous system)

A

The portion of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscle.

66
Q

Sonic Muscles

A

A general term for diverse muscles that are involved in sound production.

67
Q

Spatial Summation

A

The process by which graded potentials at different points in the membrane (occurring at the same time) combine to influence the net graded potential of a cell.

68
Q

Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)

also known as the heat increment

A

The heat produced during the digestive process.

69
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of spermatozoa.

70
Q

Spermatogonia (singular: spermatogonium)

A

After the primordial germ cell enters the testes, it differentiates into a spermatagonium, which undergoes multiple rounds of mitosis before entering meiosis.

71
Q

Spermatozoa

A

The smaller gamete in a sexually reproducing species; sperm.

72
Q

Sphincter

A

A ring of smooth muscle that controls the diameter of an opening, controlling passage from one region to the next.

73
Q

Sphingolipid

A

One class of phospholipid based on a sphingosine backbone.

74
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Part of the vertebrate central nervous system extending from the base of the skull through the vertebrae of the spine. The spinal cord is continuous with the hindbrain.

75
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

A series of paired nerves that exit at regular intervals along the spinal column.

76
Q

Spiracles

A

Small openings leading to the respiratory system; spiracles are the primary opening to the tracheal system of insects. The same word is used for a nonhomologous structure in elasmobranch fishes that provides an alternate opening for the buccal-opercular cavities.

77
Q

Spiral Fold

A

Structure in the amphibian heart that allows oxygenated blood to flow preferentially to the systemic arteries.

78
Q

Spleen

A

A vertebrate organ that is involved with the immune, lymphatic, and circulatory systems. It can act as a storage site for red blood cells, and removes damaged cells from the circulation. It also generates immune cells called lymphocytes.

79
Q

Spongy Myocardium

A

Type of heart muscle found primarily in nonmammalian vertebrates consisting of a meshwork of loosely connected cells.

80
Q

Standard Conditions

A

Accepted external conditions under which physical parameters are assessed; may refer to pressure, temperature, concentration, or other such parameters.

81
Q

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)

see also basal metabolic rate, resting metabolic rate

A

The metabolic rate of a poikilothermic animal at rest and post-absorptive, measured at a defined external temperature.

82
Q

Stanniocalcin

A

A polypeptide hormone that acts in the kidney and gut to regulate calcium and phosphate.

83
Q

Stapes (stirrup)

A

One of the three small bones of the mammalian middle ear.

84
Q

Statocyst

A

Hollow, fluid-filled sense organ in invertebrates that detects the orientation of the body with respect to gravity.

85
Q

Statolith

A

Small dense granule (usually of calcium carbonate) found in statocysts.

86
Q

Steady State

A

A condition in which there is flux through a reaction or pathway without a change in the concentration of intermediates.

87
Q

Stenohaline

A

An animal that is tolerant of a narrow range of external salinities.

88
Q

Stenotherm

A

An animal that is tolerant of a narrow range of ambient temperatures.

89
Q

Stereocilia

A

The specialized cilia of vertebrate hair cells; involved in the sense of hearing.

90
Q

Stereopsis

A

The ability to see in three dimensions.

91
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

A large class of hormones derived from cholesterol.

92
Q

Steroids

A

A diverse group of nonpolar organic molecules composed of multiple carbon rings.

93
Q

Stoichiometry

A

The quantitative relationship between two entities.

94
Q

Stomach

A

A general term for an anterior region of a gastrointestinal tract, typically characterized by acidic digestion processes.

95
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

The outer layer of the epidermis of tetrapods, consisting mainly of corneocytes.

96
Q

Striated Muscle

A

A class of muscle that possesses thick and thin filaments organized into regular arrays; includes cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.

97
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart in a single beat.

98
Q

Submucosa

A

The tissue layer that lies beneath the mucosal layer.

99
Q

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

An enzymatic reaction that produces a high-energy phosphate.

100
Q

Sulci (singular: sulcus)

A

The folds on the surface of the brain in some mammals.

101
Q

Supercooling

A

The reduction of temperature of a fluid below its freezing point but without the formation of ice.

102
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

A region within the hypothalamus of the brain that is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms.

103
Q

Surface Tension

A

The force of adhesion that binds molecules of a fluid together at the interface with air.

104
Q

Surfactant

A

Substance that lowers the surface tension of liquids; secreted in the lungs of vertebrates.

105
Q

Swim Bladder

A

A gas-filled organ that fish use for buoyancy compensation.

106
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Part of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system; active during periods of stressful activity; releases the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine onto target organs.

107
Q

Symport

A

A transporter that carries two or more entities across a cell membrane in the same direction; also known as a cotransporter.

108
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between a neuron and another neuron or effector cell; consists of a presynaptic cell, the synaptic cleft, and a postsynaptic cell.

109
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

The extracellular space between a presynaptic cell and a postsynaptic cell at a synapse.

110
Q

Synaptic Depression

A

A decrease in neurotransmitter release in response to repeated action potentials.

111
Q

Synaptic Facilitation

A

An increase in neurotransmitter release in response to repeated action potentials.

112
Q

Synaptic Plasticity

A

The capacity of synapses to change their structure and function.

113
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

The process of transmitting information across a neural synapse.

114
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Neurotransmitter-containing vesicles that release neurotransmitter into a synapse.

115
Q

Synaptotagmin

A

A protein involved in the trafficking of neurotransmitter-containing
vesicles to the membrane of the axon terminal.

116
Q

Syncytium

A

A multinucleated cell that arises from the fusion of multiple cells.

117
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

The viscous fluid found between skeletal joints, serving as a lubricant to reduce friction.

118
Q

Synergism

A

A situation in which two agents or processes have a combined effect greater than the sum of the effects of the two agents or processes applied individually.

119
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

The part of the tetrapod circulatory system that carries blood from the heart to the body and back.

120
Q

Systole

A

The phase of the cardiac cycle in which he heart is contracting.

121
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

The arterial blood pressure during systole.

Principles of Animal Physiology (98 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions