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Principles of Animal Physiology > I > Flashcards

I Flashcards

1
Q

I-Band (isotropic band)

A

The region of a muscle sarcomere where the thin filaments that span a Z-disk do not overlap with the thick filament.

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2
Q

ice-Nucleating Agent

A

A molecule or particle that initiates the formation of ice at a subfreezing temperature.

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3
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

The relationship between pressure, volume, and gas concentration.

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4
Q

Ileum

A

The last section of the small intestine, connecting the jejunem to the large intestine.

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5
Q

Imidazole Group

A

The amino group found in histidine and other compounds that exhibits a pK value near physiological pH, and is therefore important in the buffering of the pH of body fluids.

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6
Q

Immunocompetence-Handicap Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that suggests displays are physiologically expensive and they are as elaborate as the animal can tolerate without compromising its health.

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7
Q

Immunological Memory

A

After exposure to a pathogen, animals with acquired immunity retain the cells needed to produce antibodies to that specific antigen. When the antigen reappears, the cells can rapidly proliferate and produce antibody.

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8
Q

In situ

A

An in vitro condition in which the parameter under investigation is in a realistic setting.

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9
Q

In vitro

A

Occurring outside a living animal or cell.

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10
Q

In vivo

A

Occurring within a living animal or cell.

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11
Q

Inactivation Gate

A

One of the two gates that open and close voltage-gated sodium channels.

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12
Q

Incipient Lower Lethal Temperature (ILLT)

A

For a poikilotherm acclimated to a given temperature, it is the lowest temperature that can be tolerated.

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13
Q

Incipient Upper Lethal Temperature (IULT)

A

For a poikilotherm acclimated to a given temperature, it is the highest temperature that can be tolerated.

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14
Q

Incus (anvil)

A

One of the three small bones of the mammalian middle ear.

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15
Q

Indirect Calorimetry

A

Estimation of metabolic rate (heat production) using consumption of oxygen or production of carbon dioxide.

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16
Q

Induced Ovulation

A

Ovulation that is triggered in response to an external stimulus, such as copulation.

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17
Q

Inducible

A

Usually refers to a gene that can increase in expression in response to regulatory conditions; can be applied to the encoded protein itself, as in “an inducible enzyme.”

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18
Q

Inertial Effects

A

The forces that resist a change in the movement of an object. Combines with viscous effects to determine the Reynolds number.

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19
Q

Inflammation

A

A element of an immune response associated with local heat production.

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20
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Local changes sparked by tissue damage, including increased blood
flow, changes in vascular permeability to cells and fluids, recruitment of immune cells, and in some cases, elevated tissue temperature.

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21
Q

Ingested Energy

A

Term used to describe the total energy content of a diet, includes both digestible energy and indigestible energy.

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22
Q

Inhibin

A

A hormone involved in the regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

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23
Q

inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

An inhibitory potential in a postsynaptic cell.

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24
Q

Inhibitory Potential

A

A change in the membrane potential that makes an excitable cell (neuron or muscle) less likely to generate an action potential.

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25
Q

Innate Immune System

see adaptive immune system

A

A type of immune system found in all animals. One of two components
of the immune system of vertebrates.

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26
Q

Inner Ear

A

A series of membranous sacs that contain the organs of hearing and balance in vertebrates.

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27
Q

Inner Hair Cells

see also outer hair cells

A

One of two types of hair cells found in the organ of Corti in the inner ear of mammals; involved in the sense of hearing.

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28
Q

Inorganic Ion

A

An ion lacking carbon atoms.

28
Q

Inorganic Ion

A

An ion lacking carbon atoms.

29
Q

Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3)

A

A second messenger in the phosphatidylinositol signaling system.

30
Q

Inspiration

A

Inhalation.

31
Q

Instar

A

A juvenile form of an insect that resembles the adult form in gross appearance.

32
Q

Insulation

A

An external or superficial layer of material that reduces the heat loss from the animal to the environment, such as fur, feathers, and blubber.

33
Q

Insulin

A

Peptide hormone that homeostatically regulates blood glucose levels; released in response to increased blood glucose.

34
Q

Integral Membrane Protein

A

A protein that is embedded within a cellular membrane, and can only be released with detergent treatment that disrupts the membrane.

35
Q

Integrating Center

A

The part of the nervous system that takes in afferent sensory information and processes it to send out efferent signals; for example, the brain.

36
Q

Integrins

A

A class of dimeric transmembrane proteins that is important in the interactions betweens cells and the extracellular matrix, mediating both adhesion and cell signaling.

37
Q

Integument

A

The outer layer of an animal, usually derived from epithelial cells and their secretions.

38
Q

Intercalated Disc

A

The intercellular contact between cardiomyocytes composed of gap junctions and desmosomes.

39
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

One class of proteins that are used to make up the cytoskeleton.

40
Q

Interneuron

A

A neuron that makes synaptic connections between other neurons.

41
Q

Internode

A

The region of axonal membrane that is covered with the myelin sheath.

42
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

The component of the extracellular fluid that exists between cells.

43
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

Receptors that are located inside the cell, rather than the cell membrane.

44
Q

Intrapleural Pressure

A

The pressure within the pleural cavity that surrounds the lungs of mammals.

45
Q

Intron

A

A region of DNA that is always spliced out of the mRNA following transcription.

46
Q

Inulin

A

A molecule that is used to assess glomerular filtration rate because it is neither secreted nor recovered by the kidney tubule.

47
Q

Ion

A

An atom or molecule with a net charge.

48
Q

Ion Channels

A

Transmembrane proteins that permit transfer of ions or molecules through an aqueous pore down an electrochemical gradient.

49
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A weak bond between an anion and a cation.

50
Q

Ionoconformer

A

An animal with an internal ion profile that resembles the ion composition of the external water.

51
Q

Ionophore

A

A molecule that forms pores within membranes, allowing specific ions to cross.

52
Q

Ionoregulator

A

An animal that maintains an internal ion profile independent of the ion composition of the external water.

53
Q

Ionotropic Receptor

A

A receptor protein that acts as a gated ion channel.

54
Q

Iris

A

A ring of tissue located immediately in front of the lens of a vertebrate eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye by altering the size of the pupil.

55
Q

Ischemia

A

A reduction in blood flow, depriving a tissue of oxygen and nutrients.

56
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that produce the hormones glucagon and insulin.

57
Q

Isocortex

A

The outer layer of the forebrain in mammals.

58
Q

Isoelectric Point

A

The pH at which an ionizable molecule exhibits no net charge.

59
Q

Isoform

A

A protein that has the same function as another protein but differs in primary sequence either because it is encoded by a different gene, or because it results from alternative promoter usage or differential splicing (contrast with alleles).

60
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

A muscular contraction that results in force production without a change in length.

61
Q

Isometric Muscles

A

Muscles that are arranged in a way that contraction does not lead to a change in length.

62
Q

Isopleth

A

A contour line showing the value of a function of two variables connecting the points where the function has a particular value; e.g., the relationship between pH and bicarbonate concentration as described by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

63
Q

Isosmotic

A

Describes two solutions with the same osmolarity.

64
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution with a profile and concentration of solutes that does not result in a change in the volume of a cell.

65
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

A muscular contraction that results in shortening without force production.

66
Q

Isovolumetric Contraction

or isovolumic contraction

A

A phase during the cardiac cycle in which the heart contracts, but does not eject blood because the valves are closed, and thus does not change in volume.

67
Q

Isovolumetric Relaxation

A

A phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricle relaxes without a change in volume.

68
Q

Isozyme

A

An isoform of an enzyme.

Principles of Animal Physiology (98 decks)

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