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Principles of Animal Physiology > G > Flashcards

G Flashcards

1
Q

G Protein

A

Type of trimeric membrane protein, associated with specific transmembrane receptors, that plays a role in signal transduction.
G proteins bind guanine nucleotides; when bound to GDP the G protein is inactive, but when bound to GTP it is active. The alpha subunit of the G protein moves through the membrane and acts in subsequent steps in the signal transduction pathway.

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2
Q

G Protein–Coupled Receptor

A

A transmembrane receptor that interacts with a G protein.

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3
Q

GABA

gamma-aminobutyric acid

A

A neurotransmitter; primarily inhibitory in the vertebrate central nervous system.

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4
Q

Gallbladder

A

An organ that stores bile produced in the liver.

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5
Q

Gamete

A

The germ cell of sexually reproducing species; small gametes are sperm and large gametes are ova.

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6
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Production of mature gametes in the ovary or testis.

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7
Q

Ganglion

plural: ganglia

A

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies. Ganglia act as integrating centers.

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8
Q

Ganglion Cell

A

An interneuron in the retina of vertebrates.

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9
Q

Gap Junction

A

Aqueous pore between two cells that allows ions and small molecules to move freely from cell to cell; formed by proteins called connexins in the vertebrates and innexins in the invertebrates.

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10
Q

Gas Gland

A

A region of the vasculature of the swim bladder that secretes gases.

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11
Q

Gastric

A

Pertaining to the stomach.

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12
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract

A

The digestive tract, alternately termed GI tract, or intestinal tract.

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13
Q

Gastrovascular Cavity

A

A space that performs the functions of digestion and circulation; found in organisms such as cnidarians.

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14
Q

Gene

A

A region of DNA that, when transcribed, encodes a protein or an RNA.

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15
Q

Gene Duplication

A

The process of DNA mutation by which a genome can acquire an additional copy of genes.

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16
Q

Generator Potential

A

A change in the membrane potential in the sensory terminal of a primary afferent neuron. It is a graded potential proportional to the signal intensity.
If it exceeds threshold, it will trigger action potentials in the axon of the sensory neuron.

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17
Q

Genetic Drift

A

A change in gene frequencies in a population over time as a result of random events.

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18
Q

Genome

A

All of the genetic material of an organism; the complete set of DNA in both the nucleus and mitochondria.

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19
Q

Genotype

A

The specific genetic makeup of an organism.

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20
Q

Germ Cell

A

A cell that produces the haploid gametes of a sexually reproducing species.

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21
Q

Gestation

A

The period of embryonic development within the uterus of a viviparous or ovoviviparous species.

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22
Q

Giant Axons

A

Unusually large-diameter axons that are present in some invertebrates and vertebrates.

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23
Q

Gills

A

Respiratory surfaces that originate as out-pocketings of the body surface; generally used for gas exchange in water.

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24
Q

Gland

A

A specialized organ that secretes hormones.

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25
Q

Glial Cells (glia)

A

A group of several types of cells that provide structural and metabolic support to neurons.

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26
Q

Gliocytes

A

A type of invertebrate glial cell.

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27
Q

Gliotransmitters

A

Chemicals released from glial cells that influence communication among neurons and glia.

28
Q

Globin

A

The protein component of hemoglobins.

29
Q

Globulins

A

A type of protein found in blood. Alpha and beta globulins are transport proteins; gamma globulins are involved in the immune system.

30
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

The total amount of filtrate per unit time passing through the glomeruli into the tubules of the kidneys.

31
Q

Glomerulus

A

A knot-like cluster of capillaries that acts as a biological filter in the nephrons of many vertebrate kidneys. It permits fluids and small molecules to pass freely from the plasma to the tubule lumen.

32
Q

Glottis

A

A small flap of tissue located between the pharynx and trachea of air-breathing vertebrates.

33
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone produced by the vertebrate pancreas that inhibits glycogen synthesis and stimulates glycogen breakdown, resulting in an increase in blood glucose.

34
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Steroid hormones involved in the stress response that regulate carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism.

35
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors; the
main part of the pathway is a reversal of glycolysis, enabled by three enzymes that bypass the two irreversible steps in glycolysis.

36
Q

Glycogen

A

A glucose polysaccharide that forms the main carbohydrate energy store of animals.

37
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose or glycolytic intermediates.

38
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The breakdown of glycogen to form glucose-6-phosphate.

39
Q

Glycolipid

A

A glycosylated lipid common in the extracellular side of some plasma membranes.

40
Q

Glycolysis

A

The breakdown of carbohydrates to form pyruvate, or when oxygen is limiting, other end products such as lactate.

41
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A protein that has been modified by the addition of carbohydrates.

42
Q

Glycosaminoglycan

A

A non-proteinaceous component of the extracellular matrix.

43
Q

Glycosuria

A

High levels of glucose in the urine.

44
Q

Glycosylation

A

The addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates within the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus.

45
Q

Goblet Cell

A

A goblet-shaped mucus-secreting cell found in the intestinal and respiratory surfaces.

46
Q

Goldman Equation

A

The equation that predicts the membrane potential across a cell membrane resulting from the distribution of multiple ions in relation to their permeabilities.

47
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

An intracellular organelle involved in the processing of proteins prior to export.

48
Q

Gonadotropin

A

A hormone that regulates the activity of reproductive tissues; FSH and LH are the main gonadotropins in vertebrates, and allatotropin and allatostatin are the main gonadotropins in arthropods.

49
Q

Gonads

A

The organs that produce the gametes in males (testes) and females (ovaries).

50
Q

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

A hypothalamic hormone that regulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary of vertebrates.

51
Q

Gonadotropins

A

A family of proteins, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and chorionic gonadotropin (CG).

52
Q

Graded Potential

A

Changes in the membrane potential of a cell that vary in magnitude with the stimulus intensity; results from the opening and closing of ion channels.

53
Q

Graham’s Law

A

Describes the rate of diffusion of a gas in liquid; states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is proportional to its solubility and inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass.

54
Q

Granulosa Cells

A

The inner layer of somatic cells of a follicle that surround the primary oocyte.

55
Q

Gray Matter

see also white matter

A

Areas of the vertebrate central nervous system that are rich in cell bodies.

56
Q

Growth Factor

A

A group of peptide hormones that stimulate cells to proliferate (hyperplasia) or grow in size (hypertrophy).

57
Q

Growth Hormone

A

A peptide hormone derived from the anterior pituitary that mediates somatic cell growth.

58
Q

Guanine

A

A purine nitrogenous base component of nucleotides, including nucleic acids.

59
Q

Guanosine

A

A nucleoside of guanine and a ribose sugar.

60
Q

Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)

A

A high-energy phosphate compound in energy metabolism; also the substrate for guanylate cyclase, forming the second messenger cGMP.

61
Q

Guanylate Cyclase

A

Enzyme that converts GTP to cGMP in response to signaling molecules such as nitric oxide; has soluble and membrane-bound forms.

62
Q

Gustation

A

Detection of ingested chemicals: the sense of taste.

63
Q

Gustducin

A

A G protein–coupled receptor involved in the sense of taste that detects sweet tastants.

64
Q

Gut Reactor Theory

A

Mathematical explanation of the optimal function of various types of digestive tracts, modeled after chemical reactors.

65
Q

Gyri

singular: gyrus

A

Wrinkles on the surface of the brains of many mammals.

Principles of Animal Physiology (98 decks)

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