F

Question 1

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 1

A mode of transport in which a protein allows an otherwise impermeable entity to cross a membrane down its electrochemical gradient.

Question 2

Fast Axonal Transport

Answer 2

Process by which neurotransmitter-containing vesicles are moved from the cell body to the axon terminal of a neuron; requires molecular motors.

Question 3

Fast-Glycolytic (FG) Muscle Fibers

Answer 3

Muscle cells with a biochemical and mechanical protein profile suited to short-duration, high-intensity contractions that rely on glycolysis for energy; typically muscle fibers that express type IIb myosin.

Question 4

Fast-Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG) Muscle Fibers

Answer 4

Muscle cells with a biochemical and mechanical protein profile suited to contraction of intermediate duration and intensity; rely on a combination of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation for energy. Typically muscle fibers that express type IIa or II x/d myosin isoforms.

Question 5

Feces

Answer 5

The undigested matter expelled from the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 6

Feedback

Answer 6

A regulatory mechanism whereby a step late in a pathway causes a change earlier in the pathway, either decreasing use of the pathway (negative feedback) or increasing its use (positive feedback).

Question 7

Fenestrated Capillaries

Answer 7

Capillaries with relatively high permeability because of the presence of perforations (fenestrae) through the cells of the capillary wall; found in tissues such as parts of the kidney, the endocrine organs, and the intestine.

Question 8

Fever

Answer 8

A period of elevated whole body temperature that arises from an immune response, typically as a result of some form of infection. Behavioral fever results when a poikilothermic animal responds to an immunological challenge by moving into an environment that increases body temperature.

Question 9

Fibroblasts

Answer 9

Cells that have a major role in producing the extracellular matrix of most soft tissues.

Question 10

Fick Equation

Answer 10

The equation relating diffusive flux to the energetic gradient (concentration, partial pressure, electrical, etc.) driving diffusion.

Question 11

Field Metabolic Rate (FMR)

Answer 11

The metabolic rate of a free-roaming animal, usually measured using doubly labelled water.

Question 12

Filopodia

Answer 12

Thin, fingerlike extensions of the cell, supported by the actin cytoskeleton

Question 13

Filtrate

Answer 13

The solution that passes through a filter, such as the primary urine that passes through the glomerulus.

Question 14

Filtration Slit

Answer 14

The gap between the podocytes that permits movement of fluid into the tubule, excluding cells, particles, and macromolecules that are too large.

Question 15

Flagella

singular: flagellum

Answer 15

Microtubulebased extensions from a cell that move in a whiplike pattern; usually present alone or in pairs.

Question 16

Flame Cells

Answer 16

The flagellated cells within a protonephridium that generate movements that bring fluids into the structure.

Question 17

Flexion

Answer 17

A movement of a limb that causes the limb to bend at the joint (caused by a flexor muscle).

Question 18

Flexor

Answer 18

A muscle that causes a limb to bend at the joint (flexion).

Question 19

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 19

The model of a lipid bilayer membrane that includes multiple types of lipids and proteins and allows for their free rotation and lateral movement.

Question 20

Fluidity

Answer 20

The degree of free movement of membrane entities within the membrane; often assessed using the dye DPH, which exhibits an anisotropy that depends on membrane fluidity.

Question 21

Fluorescence

Answer 21

Absorbance of a high-energy (low-wavelength) light followed by release of a lower-energy (longer-wavelength) light.

Question 22

Flux

Answer 22

Flow of material through a pathway.

Question 23

Follicle

Answer 23

A multicellular unit composed of somatic tissue surrounding an ovum.

Question 23

Follicle

Answer 23

A multicellular unit composed of somatic tissue surrounding an ovum.

Question 24

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Answer 24

One of the two major gonadotropins of vertebrates; causes the ovarian follicle to mature.

Question 25

Follicular Phase

Answer 25

That portion of the ovulatory cycle where a follicle matures to release the ovum.

Question 26

Food Vacuole

Answer 26

A phagocytic vesicle that fuses with other vesicles and processing organelles to digest the nutrients.

Question 27

Foot Processes

Answer 27

Long projections of podocytes in Bowman’s capsule that create the filtration slits.

Question 28

Foramen of Panizza

Answer 28

A structure that connects the left and right aorta in the crocodile heart.

Question 29

Forebrain

Answer 29

The anterior portion of the vertebrate brain, consisting of the telencephalon and diencephalon. Also called the prosencephalon.

Question 30

Founder Effect

Answer 30

A phenomenon in which the genotypic distribution of a population is a result of historical events that caused the population to be established by a small number of individuals; often associated with a reduction in genetic diversity.

Question 31

Fovea

Answer 31

A small region in the center of the retina of a vertebrate eye that is responsible for high-acuity vision.

Question 32

Frank-Starling Effect

Answer 32

An increase in the force of cardiac contraction in response to increasing venous return to the heart.

Question 33

Free Energy

Answer 33

The energy in a system that is available to do work.

Question 34

Freezing-Point Depression

Answer 34

A reduction in the temperature at which a solution freezes;

e.g., in the presence of antifreeze molecules.

Question 35

Friction Drag

Answer 35

The resistance that arises as an object moves through a fluid as a result of the interaction between the surface and the fluid.

Question 36

Futile Cycle

Answer 36

A combination of enyzymatic reactions or processes that lead to net breakdown of ATP and/or release of heat without changes in the carbon substrates.