C Flashcards
C Region
The part of an antibody that is constant
in sequence and structure.
Cable Properties
The electrical properties of axons.
Calcitonin
A thyroid hormone that helps regulate Ca2+ levels, typically opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone, lowering plasma Ca2+ levels.
Calcium-Induced Calcium Release
A mode of muscle activation where calcium crossing the
sarcolemma through a Ca2+ channel causes a Ca2+ channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open.
Caldesmon
A calcium-binding protein important in the regulation of smooth muscle
contractility.
Calmodulin
A calcium-sensing protein involved in many signal transduction pathways.
Caloric Deficit
The condition in which energy derived from the diet is less than energetic expenditure, resulting in net loss of energy by the animal.
Calorie
A unit of heat equal to 4.2 joules; nutritional literature may refer to the unit Calorie, which is equivalent to 1,000 calories. The unit of heat required to raise 1 g of water at 1 atm by 1°C.
Calorimetry
The measurement of heat production as an index of metabolic rate.
Calsequestrin
A calcium-binding protein that allows a muscle to concentrate Ca2+ within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
cAMP (cyclic AMP)
A second messenger produced by adenylate cyclase; most important
action is the stimulation of protein kinase A.
Capacitation
A maturation step experienced by sperm after they encounter fluids from the female reproductive tract.
Capillary
The smallest of the blood vessels in a closed circulatory system; the site of exchange of materials with the tissues.
Capillary Beds
A collection of capillaries.
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide.
Carbohydrate
see also disaccharide, monosaccharide, polysaccharide
A group of organic molecules that share a preponderance of hydroxyl groups.
Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons.
Carboxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide.
Cardiac Cycle
see also systole and diastole
The complete sequence of events from one heartbeat to the next.
Cardiac Muscle
A form of striated muscle that occurs in the heart.
Cardiac Output
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time; the product of
heart rate and stroke volume.
Cardiomyocyte
A muscle cell found in the heart.
Cardiovascular Control Center
A region of the brain within the medulla oblongata that is involved in regulating heart rate and blood pressure.
Cardiovascular System
An alternate term for the circulatory system of animals such as
vertebrates. Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Carotid Body
A structure located in the carotid artery leading to the head of vertebrates; contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
Carotid Rete
A network of blood vessels that cools the brain.
Carrier Protein (or binding protein; binding globulin)
Blood proteins that help to transport hydrophobic molecules (such as steroid hormones) in the blood.
Carrier-Mediated Transport
All forms of transport across membranes that require a protein.
Cartilage
In vertebrates, a semisolid structure composed of the extracellular matrix of chondrocytes: the major component of the skeleton of chondrichthians but important in other vertebrates as a cushion between joints.
Catabolic Pathway (or catabolism)
A metabolic pathway that degrades macromolecules into smaller molecules.
Catadromous
see also anadromous
A life history strategy of fish (e.g., eels) in which the adult migrates from
freshwater to seawater to breed.
Catalysis
The progression of a chemical reaction that proceeds with the help of a catalyst.
Catalyst
A molecule that accelerates chemical reactions but is not changed in the process.
Catalytic Constant (k_cat)
The number of reactions catalyzed by a single molecule of enzyme per second.
Catecholamines
The biogenic amines epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Cation
An ion with a positive charge.
Caudal
A location near the posterior of an animal.
Cecum
A blind-ended sac that carries out digestive reactions in the gastrointestinal tract..
Cellular Immunity
Also known as cell-mediated immunity
A subdivision of the immune system that relies upon cells, rather than noncellular elements, such as antibodies.
Cellular Membranes
A general term that refers to the collection of membranes within a cell, including plasma membrane and organelle membranes.
Cellulose
A glucose polymer that serves a structural role in plants; indigestible by most animals without the assistance of symbionts.
Central Chemoreceptors
A group of chemoreceptors located in the medulla of vertebrate brains.
Central Lacteal
A small, saclike vessel in an intestinal villus; collects lipids that cross the intestinal epithelium.
Central Nervous System
The portion of the nervous system containing the primary integrating
centers. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates, it consists of the brain, the major ganglia, and the connecting commissures.
Cephalic
Toward the anterior end of an animal.
Cephalization
An evolutionary trend toward the centralization of nervous and sensory functions at the anterior end of the body (in the head).
Cerebellum
A part of the vertebrate hindbrain that is involved in maintaining balance and coordinating voluntary muscle movement.
Cerebral Cortex
Outer surface of the vertebrate brain.
Cerebral Hemispheres
Paired structures of the cerebrum (part of the vertebrate forebrain). The cerebral hemispheres are the most obvious structures of a mammalian brain.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
A fluid contained within the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates.
Cerebrum
The largest part of the mammalian forebrain.
cGMP Phosphodiesterase
An enzyme that cleaves cGMP, producing GMP.
Channel
A transport protein that facilitates the movement of specific ions or molecules across a cellular membrane down an electrochemical
gradient.
Chemical Energy
The energy associated with the reorganization of the chemical structure of a molecule.
Chemical Gradient
An area across which the concentration of a chemical differs, often across a membrane.
Chemical Synapse
A junction between a neuron and another cell in which the signal is
transmitted across the synapse in the form of a neurotransmitter.
Chemoautotroph
An organism that uses inorganic chemical energy to convert organic
sources of carbon and nitrogen into biosynthetic building blocks.
Chemokine
A cytokine that induces a cell to move.
Chemokinetic
An increase in nondirectional movement in response to the detection of a chemical.
Chemoreceptor
Used to describe either a cell containing chemoreceptive proteins, or
the proteins themselves. Chemicals such as hormones, odorants, and tastants bind specifically to chemoreceptor proteins, altering
their conformation and causing a signal within the chemoreceptor cell.
Chemotaxic
Movement toward higher concentrations of a chemical.
Chief Cell
The secretory cells of the gastric epithelium that release pepsin.
Chitin
A polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine used by arthropods to construct the exoskeleton.
Chloride Cell
also called a mitochondria-rich cell
An ion-pumping cell of fish gill epithelium.